5-[3-[piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-imidazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as adamts 4 and 5 inhibitors for treating e.g. osteoarthritis

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compounds inhibiting ADAMTS, methods for their production, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, and methods of treatment using the same, for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis by administering the compound of the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to hydantoin compounds, and their use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. In a particular aspect, the present compounds are ADAMTS inhibitors, particularly ADAMTS-5 and/or ADAMTS-6. The present invention also provides methods for the production of a compound of the invention, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, methods for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis by administering a compound of the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cartilage is an avascular tissue of which chondrocytes are the main cellular component. One of the functional roles of cartilage in the joint is to allow bones to articulate on each other smoothly. Loss of articular cartilage, therefore, causes the bones to rub against each other leading to pain and loss of mobility, and is the hallmark of various diseases, among which rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are the most prominent.

The chondrocytes in normal articular cartilage occupy approximately 5% of the tissue volume, while the extra-cellular matrix makes up the remaining 95% of the tissue. The chondrocytes secrete the components of the matrix, mainly proteoglycans (including aggrecan) and collagens, which in turn supply the chondrocytes with an environment suitable for their survival under mechanical stress. Collagen type II, together with collagen type IX, is arranged in solid fibril-like structures, and provides cartilage with high mechanical strength properties, whereas aggrecan and other proteoglycans can absorb water and provide the resilient and shock-absorbing properties of the cartilage.

Under physiological conditions, cartilage homeostasis is maintained by a balance between the production (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of aggrecan and collagen. However, in OA and other joint disorders, this balance shifts toward catabolism. Loss of aggrecan occurs early in the onset of cartilage destruction, initially at the joint surface then spreading more deeply at more advanced stages (Pond and Nuki, 1973).

Osteoarthritis (also referred to as OA, or wear-and-tear arthritis) is the most common form of arthritis and is characterized by loss of articular cartilage, often associated with the subchondral bone re-modelling and pain. The disease mainly affects hands, spine and weight-bearing joints such as knees, and hips. During the disease process, the cartilage progressively deteriorates, which can be graded. At more advanced stages, the deeper layers of cartilage are affected, leading to calcification and exposure of the subchondral bone (Wieland et al., 2005).

The clinical manifestations of the development of the osteoarthritis condition include: increased volume of the joint, pain, crepitation and functional disability that lead to pain and reduced mobility of the joints. When disease further develops, pain at rest emerges. If the condition persists without correction and/or therapy, the joint is destroyed leading to disability.

Osteoarthritis is difficult to treat. At present, no cure is available and treatment focuses on relieving pain and preventing the affected joint from becoming deformed. Common treatments are currently limited to steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), which provide symptomatic relief for pain and inflammation but do not arrest or slow down the progression of the disease (Mobasheri, 2013).

Therapeutic methods for the correction of the articular cartilage lesions that appear during the osteoarthritic disease have been developed, but so far none of them have been able to slow down the disease progression or to promote the regeneration of articular cartilage in situ and in vivo.

Although some dietary supplements as chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate have been advocated as safe and effective options for the treatment of osteoarthritis, a clinical trial revealed that both treatments did not reduce pain associated to osteoarthritis (Clegg et al., 2006).

In severe cases, joint replacement may be necessary. This is especially true for hips and knees. If a joint is extremely painful and cannot be replaced, it may be fused. This procedure stops the pain, but results in the permanent loss of joint function, making walking and bending difficult.

Another possible treatment is the transplantation of cultured autologous chondrocytes. Here chondral cellular material is taken from the patient, sent to a laboratory where it is expanded. The material is then implanted in the damaged tissues to cover the tissue's defects.

Yet another treatment includes the intra-articular instillation of Hylan G-F 20 (Synvisc, Hyalgan, Artz etc.), a substance that improves temporarily the rheology of the synovial fluid, producing an almost immediate sensation of free movement and a marked reduction of pain.

Other methods include application of tendinous, periosteal, facial, muscular or perichondral grafts; implantation of fibrin or cultured chondrocytes; implantation of synthetic matrices, such as collagen, carbon fiber; and administration of electromagnetic fields. All of these have reported minimal and incomplete effects, resulting in a poor quality tissue that can neither support the weighted load nor allow the restoration of an articular function with normal movement.

The ADAMTS family of secreted zinc metalloproteinases includes nineteen members that are known to bind and degrade extra cartilage matrix (ECM) components (Shiomi et al., 2010). Several members of the ADAMTS family have been found to cleave aggrecan, the major proteoglycan component of cartilage: ADAMTS-1, -4, -5, -8, -9, -15, -16 and -18. Since the expression and/or aggrecanase degrading activity of ADAMTS-1, -8, -9, -15, -16 and -18 are quite low, ADAMTS-4 (aggrecanase-1) and ADAMTS-5 (aggrecanase-2) are believed to be the two major functional aggrecanases (Tortorella and Malfait, 2008).

Although the role of ADAMTS-6 remains unclear, it has been recently associated with inguinal hernia (Jorgenson et al., 2015), vertebral disc degeneration diseases (Gruber et al., 2010), and Fabry disease (Shin et al., 2015).

ADAMTS-5 was identified in 1999 (Abbaszade et al., 1999). In 2005 two independent groups identified ADAMTS-5 as the principal aggrecanase in mouse cartilage (Glasson et al., 2005; Stanton et al., 2005). Proteolysis of aggrecan by ADAMTS-5 occurs at different sites: however cleavage at the Glu373-Ala374 bond (aggrecan IGD) is likely more important in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis since a loss of integrity at this bond results in the loss of an entire aggrecan molecule, which is highly detrimental to cartilage integrity and function (Little et al., 2007).

Studies in genetically engineered mouse models (GeMMs) have demonstrated that ADAMTS-5 ablation protects against cartilage damage and aggrecan loss after osteoarthritis induction through surgical instability of the medial meniscus (DMM) (Glasson et al., 2005). Moreover in the DMM model ADAMTS-5 knock-out mice showed reduced subchondral bone changes (Botter et al., 2009) and did not develop osteoarthritis-associated mechanical allodynia (Malfait et al., 2010). Besides preclinical evidence, clinical evidence also indicates the importance of and interest in ADAMTS-5 as a target for osteoarthritis. Recently, studies with an antibody targeting ADAMTS-5 (Chiusaroli et al., 2013) have been reported. ELISA's have been developed allowing the measurement of aggrecanase-derived cartilage neo-epitope levels in the synovial fluid as well as blood from rodents to human. This method revealed increased levels of ADAMTS-5 derived neo-epitope levels in the joints of rats in which cartilage degradation was induced by meniscal tear as well as in joints of osteoarthritis patients, thereby providing further translational evidence for the importance of this protease in the development of osteoarthritis (Chockalingam et al., 2011; Larsson et al., 2014).

These findings provide strong evidence for a central role of ADAMTS-5 in osteoarthritis pathology as a key target and an ADAMTS-5 inhibitor capable to reach the joint cartilage at sufficient levels is expected to exert a protective effect on cartilage in osteoarthritic patients.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute another family of 23 zinc metalloproteinases with many structural elements in common with ADAMTS family members (Georgiadis and Yiotakis, 2008). Clinical studies on broad spectrum MMP inhibitors in oncology revealed that inhibition of particular MMPs was associated with poorer prognosis and undesirable side effects. In particular, MMP8 and MMP12 have been categorized as antitargets based on in vivo animal studies (Dufour and Overall, 2013).

Therefore, there is a need for selective ADAMTS, and in particular ADAMTS-5 inhibitors without affecting the activity of structurally related MMPs, and more particularly MMP-8 and -12.

Therefore the identification of novel inhibitors of ADAMTS, in particular ADAMTS-5, could provide desirable tools for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of diseases involving cartilage degradation, in particular osteoarthritis, and/or rheumatoid arthritis.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide compounds and their use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. In particular the compounds of the present invention are inhibitors of ADAMTS, and more particularly ADAMTS-5 and/or ADAMTS-6.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on the identification of novel hydantoin compounds that may be useful for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. In a particular aspect, the present compounds are ADAMTS inhibitors, particularly ADAMTS-5 and/or ADAMTS-6. The present invention also provides methods for the production of these compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods for treating inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis by administering the compounds of the invention.

Accordingly, in a first aspect of the invention, the compounds of the invention are provided having a Formula (I):

wherein

R¹ is:

-   -   H,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected R⁴ groups,     -   C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or         more independently selected R⁴ groups,     -   4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2         heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally         substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl,         —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected R⁵ groups,     -   phenyl fused to a 5-6 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl         comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N,         O, and S, which heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with         one or more ═O,     -   5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms         independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted         with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups;         R² is independently selected from:     -   —H,     -   —OH,     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one         -   OH,         -   —CN,         -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one phenyl, and         -   5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2             heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,             optionally substituted with one or more independently             selected C₁₋₄ alkyl;             each R^(3a), and R^(3b) is independently selected from H,             and C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

Cy is

-   -   6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl,     -   5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising         1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S;

R⁴ is

-   -   halo,     -   —OH,     -   —CN,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or         phenyl,     -   C₁₋₄ thioalkoxy,     -   4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more         heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, optionally         substituted with one or more halo, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   phenyl,     -   —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl     -   —C(═O)OR^(7a)     -   —C(═O)NR^(7b)R⁷     -   —NHC(═O)OR^(7d)     -   —NHC(═O)R^(7e)     -   NR^(a)R^(8b);         each R⁵ is     -   halo,     -   —OH,     -   —CN,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d)     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with —NR^(9e)R^(9f), or     -   —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl;         the subscript n is 0, 1, 2 or 3;         each R⁶ is independently selected from     -   halo,     -   —CN,     -   —NO₂,     -   —C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo,     -   —C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo,     -   5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising         1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,         optionally substituted with one or more independently selected         halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and     -   —NR^(9g)R^(9h);         each R^(7a), R^(7b), R^(7c), R^(7d), or R^(7e) is H, or C₁₋₄         alkyl optionally substituted with one OH or C₁₋₄ alkoxy; each         R^(8a), or R^(8b) is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄         alkyl optionally substituted with OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl;         each R^(9a), R^(9b), R^(9c), R^(9d), R^(9e), R^(9f), R^(9g), or         R^(9h) is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl; or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a solvate thereof; or a         biologically active metabolite thereof;         provided that the compound is not

-   5-[3-oxo-3-[4-(4-pyridinyl)-1-piperidinyl]propyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1422565-71-6,

-   5(S)-[3-oxo-3-[4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propyl]-2,4-imidazolidinedione     CAS#1638335-41-7,

-   5(S)-[3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1781306-72-6,

-   5-[3-[4-(5-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1638336-99-8,

-   5-[3-[4-(7-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1422561-83-8,

-   5-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1377848-53-7,

-   5-[3-[4-(3,5-dimethylimidazo[5,1-b]thiazol-7-yl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1287426-16-7, or

-   5-[3-[4-[4-methyl-5-(2-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)-2-thiazolyl]-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1381179-03-8.

In a particular aspect, the compounds of the invention may exhibit selectivity towards the ADAMTS protease family, in particular towards the ADAMTS-5 and/or ADAMTS-6. In a further particular aspect, the compounds of the invention may show low activity on MMP family members, in particular MMP8 and/or MMP12. Such selectivity may result in improved drug safety and/or reduce off-target associated risks.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, and a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent. In a particular aspect, the pharmaceutical composition may additionally comprise further therapeutically active ingredients suitable for use in combination with the compounds of the invention. In a more particular aspect, the further therapeutically active ingredient is an agent for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis.

Moreover, the compounds of the invention, useful in the pharmaceutical compositions and treatment methods disclosed herein, are pharmaceutically acceptable as prepared and used.

In a further aspect of the invention, this invention provides a method of treating a mammal, in particular humans, afflicted with a condition selected from among those listed herein, and particularly inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis, which method comprises administering an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition or compounds of the invention as described herein.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, and a suitable pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent for use in medicine. In a particular aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis.

In a particular aspect, the compounds of the invention are provided for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of osteoarthritis.

In additional aspects, this invention provides methods for synthesizing the compounds of the invention, with representative synthetic protocols and pathways disclosed later on herein.

Other objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the ensuing detailed description.

It will be appreciated that compounds of the invention may be metabolized to yield biologically active metabolites.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The following terms are intended to have the meanings presented therewith below and are useful in understanding the description and intended scope of the present invention.

When describing the invention, which may include compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and methods of using such compounds and compositions, the following terms, if present, have the following meanings unless otherwise indicated. It should also be understood that when described herein any of the moieties defined forth below may be substituted with a variety of substituents, and that the respective definitions are intended to include such substituted moieties within their scope as set out below. Unless otherwise stated, the term “substituted” is to be defined as set out below. It should be further understood that the terms “groups” and “radicals” can be considered interchangeable when used herein.

The articles ‘a’ and ‘an’ may be used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e. at least one) of the grammatical objects of the article. By way of example ‘an analogue’ means one analogue or more than one analogue.

‘Alkyl’ means straight or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon having the specified number of carbon atoms. Particular alkyl groups have 1 to 6 carbon atoms or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Branched means that one or more alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl is attached to a linear alkyl chain. Particular alkyl groups are methyl (—CH₃), ethyl (—CH₂—CH₃), n-propyl (—CH₂—CH₂—CH₃), isopropyl (—CH(CH₃)₂), n-butyl (—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₃), tert-butyl (—CH₂—C(CH₃)₃), sec-butyl (—CH₂—CH(CH₃)₂), n-pentyl (—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₃), n-hexyl (—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₃), and 1,2-dimethylbutyl (—CHCH₃)—C(CH₃)H₂—CH₂—CH₃). Particular alkyl groups have between 1 and 4 carbon atoms.

‘Alkenyl’ refers to monovalent olefinically (unsaturated) hydrocarbon groups with the number of carbon atoms specified. Particular alkenyl has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, and more particularly, from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, which can be straight-chained or branched and having at least 1 and particularly from 1 to 2 sites of olefinic unsaturation. Particular alkenyl groups include ethenyl (—CH═CH₂), n-propenyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), isopropenyl (—C(CH₃)═CH₂) and the like.

‘Alkylene’ refers to divalent alkene radical groups having the number of carbon atoms specified, in particular having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and more particularly 1 to 4 carbon atoms which can be straight-chained or branched. This term is exemplified by groups such as methylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂—CH₂—), or —CH(CH₃)— and the like.

‘Alkynylene’ refers to divalent alkyne radical groups having the number of carbon atoms and the number of triple bonds specified, in particular 2 to 6 carbon atoms and more particularly 2 to 4 carbon atoms which can be straight-chained or branched. This term is exemplified by groups such as —C≡C—, —CH₂—C≡C—, and —C(CH₃)H—C═CH—.

‘Alkoxy’ refers to the group O-alkyl, where the alkyl group has the number of carbon atoms specified. In particular the term refers to the group —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl. Particular alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, and 1,2-dimethylbutoxy. Particular alkoxy groups are lower alkoxy, i.e. with between 1 and 6 carbon atoms.

Further particular alkoxy groups have between 1 and 4 carbon atoms.

‘Amino’ refers to the radical —NH₂.

‘Aryl’ refers to a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system. In particular aryl refers to an aromatic ring structure, monocyclic or fused polycyclic, with the number of ring atoms specified. Specifically, the term includes groups that include from 6 to 10 ring members. Particular aryl groups include phenyl, and naphthyl.

‘Cycloalkyl’ refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbyl ring structure, monocyclic, fused polycyclic, bridged polycyclic, or spirocyclic, with the number of ring atoms specified. A cycloalkyl may have from 3 to 12 carbon atoms, in particular from 3 to 10, and more particularly from 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl.

‘Cyano’ refers to the radical —CN.

‘Halo’ or ‘halogen’ refers to fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br) and iodo (I). Particular halo groups are either fluoro or chloro.

‘Hetero’ when used to describe a compound or a group present on a compound means that one or more carbon atoms in the compound or group have been replaced by a nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur heteroatom. Hetero may be applied to any of the hydrocarbyl groups described above such as alkyl, e.g. heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, e.g. heterocycloalkyl, aryl, e.g. heteroaryl, and the like having from 1 to 4, and particularly from 1 to 3 heteroatoms, more typically 1 or 2 heteroatoms, for example a single heteroatom.

‘Heteroaryl’ means an aromatic ring structure, monocyclic or fused polycyclic, that includes one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S and the number of ring atoms specified. In particular, the aromatic ring structure may have from 5 to 9 ring members. The heteroaryl group can be, for example, a five membered or six membered monocyclic ring or a fused bicyclic structure formed from fused five and six membered rings or two fused six membered rings or, by way of a further example, two fused five membered rings. Each ring may contain up to four heteroatoms typically selected from nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen. Typically the heteroaryl ring will contain up to 4 heteroatoms, more typically up to 3 heteroatoms, more usually up to 2, for example a single heteroatom. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl ring contains at least one ring nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atoms in the heteroaryl rings can be basic, as in the case of an imidazole or pyridine, or essentially non-basic as in the case of an indole or pyrrole nitrogen. In general the number of basic nitrogen atoms present in the heteroaryl group, including any amino group substituents of the ring, will be less than five.

Examples of five membered monocyclic heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, furazanyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl and tetrazolyl groups.

Examples of six membered monocyclic heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl and triazinyl.

Particular examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups containing a five membered ring fused to another five-membered ring include but are not limited to imidazothiazolyl and imidazoimidazolyl.

Particular examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups containing a six membered ring fused to a five membered ring include but are not limited to benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, isobenzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoisothiazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, purinyl (e.g. adenine, guanine), indazolyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, and pyrazolopyridinyl groups.

Particular examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups containing two fused six membered rings include but are not limited to quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyridopyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl groups. Particular heteroaryl groups are those derived from thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl and pyrazinyl.

Examples of representative heteroaryls include the following:

wherein each Y is selected from >C═O, NH, O and S.

‘Heterocycloalkyl’ means a non-aromatic fully saturated ring structure, monocyclic, fused polycyclic, spirocyclic, or bridged polycyclic, that includes one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S and the number of ring atoms specified. The heterocycloalkyl ring structure may have from 4 to 12 ring members, in particular from 4 to 10 ring members and more particularly from 4 to 7 ring members. Each ring may contain up to four heteroatoms typically selected from nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen. Typically the heterocycloalkyl ring will contain up to 4 heteroatoms, more typically up to 3 heteroatoms, more usually up to 2, for example a single heteroatom. Examples of heterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl (e.g. 1-pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidinyl and 3-pyrrolidinyl), tetrahydrofuranyl (e.g. 1-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2-tetrahydrofuranyl and 3-tetrahydrofuranyl), tetrahydrothiophenyl (e.g. 1-tetrahydrothiophenyl, 2-tetrahydrothiophenyl and 3-tetrahydrothiophenyl), piperidinyl (e.g. 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl and 4-piperidinyl), tetrahydropyranyl (e.g. 4-tetrahydropyranyl), tetrahydrothiopyranyl (e.g. 4-tetrahydrothiopyranyl), morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dioxanyl, or piperazinyl.

As used herein, the term ‘heterocycloalkenyl’ means a ‘heterocycloalkyl’, which comprises at least one double bond. Particular examples of heterocycloalkenyl groups are shown in the following illustrative examples:

wherein each W is selected from CH₂, NH, O and S; each Y is selected from NH, O, C(═O), SO₂, and S; and each Z is selected from N or CH.

Particular examples of monocyclic rings are shown in the following illustrative examples:

wherein each W and Y is independently selected from —CH₂—, —NH—, —O— and —S—.

Particular examples of fused bicyclic rings are shown in the following illustrative examples:

wherein each W and Y is independently selected from —CH₂—, —NH—, —O— and —S—.

Particular examples of bridged bicyclic rings are shown in the following illustrative examples:

wherein each W and Y is independently selected from —CH₂—, —NH—, —O— and —S— and each Z is selected from N and CH.

Particular examples of spirocyclic rings are shown in the following illustrative examples:

wherein each Y is selected from —CH₂—, —NH—, —O— and —S—.

‘Hydroxyl’ refers to the radical —OH.

‘Oxo’ refers to the radical ═O.

‘Substituted’ refers to a group in which one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with the same or different substituent(s).

‘Sulfo’ or ‘sulfonic acid’ refers to a radical such as —SO₃H.

‘Thiol’ refers to the group —SH.

As used herein, term ‘substituted with one or more’ refers to one to four substituents. In one embodiment it refers to one to three substituents. In further embodiments it refers to one or two substituents. In a yet further embodiment it refers to one substituent.

‘Thioalkoxy’ refers to the group —S-alkyl where the alkyl group has the number of carbon atoms specified. In particular the term refers to the group —S—C₁₋₆ alkyl. Particular thioalkoxy groups are thiomethoxy, thioethoxy, n-thiopropoxy, isothiopropoxy, n-thiobutoxy, tert-thiobutoxy, sec-thiobutoxy, n-thiopentoxy, n-thiohexoxy, and 1,2-dimethylthiobutoxy. Particular thioalkoxy groups are lower thioalkoxy, i.e. with between 1 and 6 carbon atoms. Further particular alkoxy groups have between 1 and 4 carbon atoms.

One having ordinary skill in the art of organic synthesis will recognize that the maximum number of heteroatoms in a stable, chemically feasible heterocyclic ring, whether it is aromatic or non-aromatic, is determined by the size of the ring, the degree of unsaturation and the valence of the heteroatoms. In general, a heterocyclic ring may have one to four heteroatoms so long as the heteroaromatic ring is chemically feasible and stable.

‘Pharmaceutically acceptable’ means approved or approvable by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or the corresponding agency in countries other than the United States, or that is listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly, in humans.

‘Pharmaceutically acceptable salt’ refers to a salt of a compound of the invention that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound. In particular, such salts are non-toxic may be inorganic or organic acid addition salts and base addition salts. Specifically, such salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like; or (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g. an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine and the like. Salts further include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the compound contains a basic functionality, salts of non-toxic organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like. The term ‘pharmaceutically acceptable cation’ refers to an acceptable cationic counter-ion of an acidic functional group. Such cations are exemplified by sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium cations, and the like.

‘Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle’ refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient or carrier with which a compound of the invention is administered.

‘Prodrugs’ refers to compounds, including derivatives of the compounds of the invention, which have cleavable groups and become by solvolysis or under physiological conditions the compounds of the invention which are pharmaceutically active in vivo. Such examples include, but are not limited to, choline ester derivatives and the like, N-alkylmorpholine esters and the like.

‘Solvate’ refers to forms of the compound that are associated with a solvent, usually by a solvolysis reaction. This physical association includes hydrogen bonding. Conventional solvents include water, EtOH, acetic acid and the like. The compounds of the invention may be prepared e.g. in crystalline form and may be solvated or hydrated. Suitable solvates include pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as hydrates, and further include both stoichiometric solvates and non-stoichiometric solvates. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. ‘Solvate’ encompasses both solution-phase and isolable solvates. Representative solvates include hydrates, ethanolates and methanolates.

‘Subject’ includes humans. The terms ‘human’, ‘patient’ and ‘subject’ are used interchangeably herein.

‘Effective amount’ means the amount of a compound of the invention that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease. The “effective amount” can vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity, and the age, weight, etc., of the subject to be treated.

‘Preventing’ or ‘prevention’ refers to a reduction in risk of acquiring or developing a disease or disorder (i.e. causing at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop in a subject that may be exposed to a disease-causing agent, or predisposed to the disease in advance of disease onset.

The term ‘prophylaxis’ is related to ‘prevention’, and refers to a measure or procedure the purpose of which is to prevent, rather than to treat or cure a disease. Non-limiting examples of prophylactic measures may include the administration of vaccines; the administration of low molecular weight heparin to hospital patients at risk for thrombosis due, for example, to immobilization; and the administration of an anti-malarial agent such as chloroquine, in advance of a visit to a geographical region where malaria is endemic or the risk of contracting malaria is high.

‘Treating’ or ‘treatment’ of any disease or disorder refers, in one embodiment, to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e. arresting the disease or reducing the manifestation, extent or severity of at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof). In another embodiment ‘treating’ or ‘treatment’ refers to ameliorating at least one physical parameter, which may not be discernible by the subject. In yet another embodiment, ‘treating’ or ‘treatment’ refers to modulating the disease or disorder, either physically, (e.g. stabilization of a discernible symptom), physiologically, (e.g. stabilization of a physical parameter), or both. In a further embodiment, “treating” or “treatment” relates to slowing the progression of the disease.

As used herein the term ‘inflammatory diseases’ refers to the group of conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, allergic airway disease (e.g. asthma, rhinitis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), endotoxin-driven disease states (e.g. complications after bypass surgery or chronic endotoxin states contributing to e.g. chronic cardiac failure), and related diseases involving cartilage, such as that of the joints. Particularly the term refers to rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, allergic airway disease (e.g. asthma), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and inflammatory bowel diseases. More particularly the term refers to rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis (OA). Most particularly the term refers to osteoarthritis (OA).

As used herein the term ‘allergic disease(s)’ refers to the group of conditions characterized by a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system including, allergic airway disease (e.g. asthma, rhinitis), sinusitis, eczema and hives, as well as food allergies or allergies to insect venom.

As used herein the term ‘asthma’ as used herein refers to any disorder of the lungs characterized by variations in pulmonary gas flow associated with airway constriction of whatever cause (intrinsic, extrinsic, or both; allergic or non-allergic). The term asthma may be used with one or more adjectives to indicate the cause.

As used herein the term ‘diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis’ includes conditions such as osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, septic or infectious arthritis, reactive arthritis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, algodystrophy, achondroplasia, Paget's disease, Tietze syndrome or costal chondritis, fibromyalgia, osteochondritis, neurogenic or neuropathic arthritis, arthropathy, sarcoidosis, amylosis, hydarthrosis, periodical disease, rheumatoid spondylitis, endemic forms of arthritis like osteoarthritis deformans endemica, Mseleni disease and Handigodu disease; degeneration resulting from fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and ankylosing spondylitis. More particularly, the term refers to osteoarthritis (OA).

‘Compound(s) of the invention’, and equivalent expressions, are meant to embrace compounds of the Formula(e) as herein described, which expression includes the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and the solvates, e.g. hydrates, and the solvates of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts where the context so permits. Similarly, reference to intermediates, whether or not they themselves are claimed, is meant to embrace their salts, and solvates, where the context so permits.

When ranges are referred to herein, for example but without limitation, C₁₋₈ alkyl, the citation of a range should be considered a representation of each member of said range.

Other derivatives of the compounds of this invention have activity in both their acid and acid derivative forms, but in the acid sensitive form often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility, or delayed release in the mammalian organism (Bundgard, H, 1985). Prodrugs include acid derivatives well known to practitioners of the art, such as, for example, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acid with a suitable alcohol, or amides prepared by reaction of the parent acid compound with a substituted or unsubstituted amine, or acid anhydrides, or mixed anhydrides. Simple aliphatic or aromatic esters, amides and anhydrides derived from acidic groups pendant on the compounds of this invention are particularly useful prodrugs. In some cases it is desirable to prepare double ester type prodrugs such as (acyloxy)alkyl esters or ((alkoxycarbonyl)oxy)alkylesters. Particular such prodrugs are the C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₆₋₁₀ optionally substituted aryl, and (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-(C₁₋₄ alkyl) esters of the compounds of the invention.

As used herein, the term ‘isotopic variant’ refers to a compound that contains unnatural proportions of isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compound. For example, an ‘isotopic variant’ of a compound can contain one or more non-radioactive isotopes, such as for example, deuterium (²H or D), carbon-13 (¹³C), nitro (¹⁵N), or the like. It will be understood that, in a compound where such isotopic substitution is made, the following atoms, where present, may vary, so that for example, any hydrogen may be ²H/D, any carbon may be ¹³C, or any nitrogen may be ¹⁵N, and that the presence and placement of such atoms may be determined within the skill of the art. Likewise, the invention may include the preparation of isotopic variants with radioisotopes, in the instance for example, where the resulting compounds may be used for drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e. ³H, and carbon-14, i.e. ¹⁴C, are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection. Further, compounds may be prepared that are substituted with positron emitting isotopes, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁹F, ¹⁵O and ¹³N, and would be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy.

It is also to be understood that compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed ‘isomers’. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed ‘stereoisomers’.

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed ‘diastereomers’ and those that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed ‘enantiomers’. When a compound has an asymmetric center, for example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible. An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e. as (+) or (−)-isomers respectively). A chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof. A mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a ‘racemic mixture’.

‘Tautomers’ refer to compounds that are interchangeable forms of a particular compound structure, and that vary in the displacement of hydrogen atoms and electrons. Thus, two structures may be in equilibrium through the movement of 71 electrons and an atom (usually H). For example, enols and ketones are tautomers because they are rapidly interconverted by treatment with either acid or base. Another example of tautomerism is the aci- and nitro-forms of phenylnitromethane, that are likewise formed by treatment with acid or base.

Tautomeric forms may be relevant to the attainment of the optimal chemical reactivity and biological activity of a compound of interest.

The compounds of the invention may possess one or more asymmetric centers; such compounds can therefore be produced as individual (R)- or (S)-stereoisomers or as mixtures thereof.

Unless indicated otherwise, the description or naming of a particular compound in the specification and claims is intended to include both individual enantiomers and mixtures, racemic or otherwise, thereof. The methods for the determination of stereochemistry and the separation of stereoisomers are well-known in the art.

It will be appreciated that compounds of the invention may be metabolized to yield biologically active metabolites.

The Invention

The present invention is based on the identification of novel hydantoin compounds that may be useful for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. In a particular aspect, the present compounds are ADAMTS inhibitors, particularly ADAMTS-5 and/or ADAMTS-6.

The present invention also provides methods for the production of these compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods for treating inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis by administering the compounds of the invention.

Accordingly, in a first aspect of the invention, the compounds of the invention are provided having a Formula (I):

wherein

R¹ is:

-   -   H,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected R⁴ groups,     -   C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or         more independently selected R⁴ groups,     -   4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2         heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally         substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl,         —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected R⁵ groups,     -   phenyl fused to a 5-6 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl         comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N,         O, and S, which heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with         one or more ═O,     -   5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms         independently selected from

N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups;

R² is independently selected from:

-   -   H,     -   OH,     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one         -   OH,         -   —CN,         -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one phenyl, and         -   5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2             heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,             optionally substituted with one or more independently             selected C₁₋₄ alkyl;             each R^(3a), and R^(3b) is independently selected from H,             and C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

Cy is

-   -   6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl,     -   5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising         1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S;

R⁴ is

-   -   halo,     -   —OH,     -   —CN,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or         phenyl,     -   C₁₋₄ thioalkoxy,     -   4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more         heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, optionally         substituted with one or more halo, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   phenyl,     -   —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl     -   —C(═O)OR⁷a     -   —C(═O)NR^(7b)R^(7c)     -   —NHC(═O)OR^(7d)     -   —NHC(═O)R^(7e)     -   NR^(8a)R^(8b);         each R⁵ is     -   halo,     -   —OH,     -   —CN,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d),     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with —NR^(9e)R^(9f), or     -   —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl;         the subscript n is 0, 1, 2 or 3;         each R⁶ is independently selected from     -   halo,     -   —CN,     -   —NO₂,     -   —C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo,     -   —C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo,     -   5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising         1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,         optionally substituted with one or more independently selected         halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and     -   —NR^(9g)R^(9h);         each R^(7a), R^(7b), R^(7c), R^(7d), or R^(7e), is H, or C₁₋₄         alkyl optionally substituted with one OH or C₁₋₄ alkoxy;         each R^(8a), or R^(8b) is independently selected from H, and         C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or         phenyl;         each R^(9a), R^(9b), R^(9c), R^(9d), R^(9e), R^(9f), R^(9g), and         R^(9h) is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a solvate thereof; or a         biologically active metabolite thereof;         provided that the compound is not

-   5-[3-oxo-3-[4-(4-pyridinyl)-1-piperidinyl]propyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1422565-71-6,

-   5(S)-[3-oxo-3-[4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propyl]-2,4-imidazolidinedione     CAS#1638335-41-7,

-   5(S)-[3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1781306-72-6,

-   5-[3-[4-(5-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1638336-99-8,

-   5-[3-[4-(7-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1422561-83-8,

-   5-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1377848-53-7,

-   5-[3-[4-(3,5-dimethylimidazo[5,1-b]thiazol-7-yl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1287426-16-7, or

-   5-[3-[4-[4-methyl-5-(2-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)-2-thiazolyl]-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione     CAS#1381179-03-8.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula II:

wherein R¹, R², R^(3a), R^(3b), R⁶, the subscript n and Cy are as defined above.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is H.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is Me, Et, Pr, iPr, or tBu. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is Me, or Et. In a most particular embodiment, R¹ is Me

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups. In another embodiment, R¹ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one, two or three independently selected R⁴ groups. In another particular embodiment, R¹ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one, two or three independently selected R⁴ groups. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one R⁴ group. In another more particular embodiment, R¹ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one R⁴ group. In a most particular embodiment, R¹ is —CH₂—R⁴.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is cyclopropyl.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups. In another embodiment, R¹ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl substituted with one, two or three independently selected R⁴ groups. In another particular embodiment, R¹ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is substituted with one, two or three independently selected R⁴ groups. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl substituted with one R⁴ group. In another more particular embodiment, R¹ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is substituted with one R⁴ group.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is halo, OH, and CN. In a more particular embodiment, each R⁴ is independently selected from F, Cl, OH, and CN.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, or —CH(CH₃)₂. In a more particular embodiment, R⁴ is —CH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is OMe, OEt, or OiPr. In a more particular embodiment, R⁴ is OMe.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is OMe, OEt, or OiPr, each of which is substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl. In a more particular embodiment, R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy substituted with one OMe, OEt, or phenyl. In another more particular embodiment, R⁴ is OMe, OEt, or OiPr, each of which is substituted with one OMe, OEt, or phenyl. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is —OCH₂—CH₂—OCH₃, —OCH₂-Ph.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₄ thioalkoxy. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is —SCH₃, or —SCH₂CH₃. In a more particular embodiment, R⁴ is —SCH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is 4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl. In a more particular embodiment, R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or morpholinyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is 4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, substituted with one or more halo, —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is 4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, substituted with one, two or three independently selected F, Cl, —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. In another particular embodiment, R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one, two or three independently selected F, Cl, —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. In a more particular embodiment, R⁴ is 4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, substituted with one F, Cl, —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. In another particular embodiment, R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one F, Cl, —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or morpholinyl, each of which is substituted with one, two or three independently selected F, Cl. In another most particular embodiment, R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or morpholinyl, each of which is substituted with one —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is phenyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is —S(═O)₂CH₃, or —S(═O)₂CH₂CH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is —C(═O)OR^(7a), and R^(7a) is as previously described. In a particular embodiment, R^(7a) is H. In another particular embodiment, R^(7a) is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet another particular embodiment, R^(7a) is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a more particular embodiment, R^(7a) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu. In another more particular embodiment, R^(7a) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy.

In yet another more particular embodiment, R^(7a) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, —OCH₃. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is —C(═O)NR^(7b)R^(7c), and each R^(7b) or R^(7c) is as previously described. In a particular embodiment, R^(7b) and R^(7c) are H. In another particular embodiment, one of R^(7b) or R^(7c) is H, and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet another particular embodiment, one of R^(7b) or R^(7c) is H, and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a further particular embodiment, R^(7b) and R^(7c) are C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a more particular embodiment, one of R^(7b) or R^(7c) is H, and the other is Me, Et, iPr or tBu. In another more particular embodiment, one of R^(7b) or R^(7c) is H, and the other is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In yet another more particular embodiment, one of R^(7b) or R^(7c) is H, and the other is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, —OCH₃. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is —C(═O)NHCH₃, —C(═O)N(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₃, —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₂—OH or —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₂—OCH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OR^(7d), and R^(7d) is as previously described. In a particular embodiment, R^(7d) is H. In another particular embodiment, R^(7d) is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet another particular embodiment, R^(7d) is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a more particular embodiment, R^(7d) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu. In another more particular embodiment, R^(7d) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy.

In yet another more particular embodiment, R^(7d) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, —OCH₃. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OCH₃, —NHC(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —NHC(═O)OC(CH₃)₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is —NHC(═O)R^(7e), and R^(7e) is as previously described. In a particular embodiment, R^(7e) is H. In another particular embodiment, R^(7e) is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet another particular embodiment, R^(7e) is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a more particular embodiment, R^(7e) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu. In another more particular embodiment, R^(7e) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy.

In yet another more particular embodiment, R^(7e) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, —OCH₃. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is —NHC(═O)CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₂CH₃, or —NHC(═O)C(CH₃)₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is —NR^(8a)R^(8b), and each R^(8a) or R^(8b) is as previously described. In a particular embodiment, R^(8a) and R^(8b) are H.

In another particular embodiment, one of R^(8a) or R^(8b) is H, and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet another particular embodiment, one of R^(8a) or R^(8b) is H, and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl. In a further particular embodiment, R^(8a) and R^(8b) are C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a more particular embodiment, one of R^(8a) or R^(8b) is H, and the other is Me, Et, iPr or tBu. In another more particular embodiment, one of R^(8a) or R^(8b) is H, and the other is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl. In yet another more particular embodiment, one of R^(8a) or R^(8b) is H, and the other is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, —OCH₃, or phenyl. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is —NH₂, —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, —NHCH₂Phenyl, or —NHCH₂CH₂—OCH₃.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is azetidinyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. In another embodiment, R¹ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. In another particular embodiment, R¹ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, substituted with one or more independently selected —CH₃, —C(═O)CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. In another more particular embodiment, R¹ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected —CH₃, —C(═O)CH₃, —C(═O)OCH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. In yet another more particular embodiment, R¹ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one —C(═O)CH₃, —C(═O)OCH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is phenyl.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is phenyl substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is phenyl substituted with one, two, or three independently selected R⁵ groups. In another particular embodiment, R¹ is phenyl substituted with one R⁵ group.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups. In another embodiment R¹ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S substituted with one, two, or three independently selected R⁵ groups. In another particular embodiment, R¹ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl, each of which is substituted with one, two, or three independently selected R⁵ groups. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S substituted with one R⁵ group. In another more particular embodiment, R¹ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl, each of which is substituted with one R⁵ group.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁵ is halo, OH, or CN. In a particular embodiment, R⁵ is F, Cl, OH, or CN.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R⁵ is Me, Et, or iPr.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one or more independently selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d), wherein R^(9a), R^(9b), R^(9c), or R^(9d) is as previously described. In another embodiment, R⁵ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d). In a particular embodiment, R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one, two or three independently selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d). In another particular embodiment, R⁵ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one, two, or three independently selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d). In a more particular embodiment, R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d). In another more particular embodiment, R⁵ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b) or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d). In one embodiment, each R^(9a), R^(9b), R^(9c), or R^(9d) is independently selected from H, Me, and Et. In a most particular embodiment, R⁵ is —CF₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHMe, —CH₂NMe₂, —CH₂C(═O)NH₂, —CH₂C(═O)NHMe, or —CH₂C(═O)NMe₂.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a particular embodiment, R⁵ is -OMe, -OEt, or -OiPr.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy substituted with one —NR^(9e)R^(9f), wherein R^(9e) are R^(9f) as previously described. In another embodiment, R⁵ is -OEt, substituted with one —NR^(9e)R^(9f). In one embodiment, each R^(9e), and R^(9f), is independently selected from H, Me, and Et. In a most particular embodiment, R⁵ is —OCH₂CH₂NH₂, —OCH₂CH₂NHMe, or —OCH₂CH₂NMe₂.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁵ is —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R⁵ is —S(═O)₂CH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula IIIa or IIIb:

wherein R², R^(3a), R^(3b), R⁶, the subscript n and Cy are as described above.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula IIIc or IIId:

wherein R², R^(3a), R^(3b), R⁶, the subscript n and Cy are as described above.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIId, wherein R² is H.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIId, wherein R² is —OH.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIId, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a particular embodiment, R² is -OMe, -OEt, or -OiPr. In a more particular embodiment, R² is -OMe.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIId, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R² is Me, Et, or iPr. In a more particular embodiment, R² is Me, or Et. In a most particular embodiment, R² is Me.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIId, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, or CN. In a particular embodiment, R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one OH, or CN. In a more particular embodiment, R² is —CH₂—OH, or —CH₂—CN.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIId, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one phenyl. In another embodiment, R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one phenyl. In a particular embodiment, R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one -OMe, -OEt, each of which is optionally substituted with one phenyl. In another particular embodiment, R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one -OMe, -OEt, each of which is optionally substituted with one phenyl. In a more particular embodiment, R² is —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, or —CH₂OCH₂Phenyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIId, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one imidazolyl, pyrrazolyl, oxazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl. In another particular embodiment, R² is Me or Et, each of which is substituted with one imidazolyl, pyrrazolyl, oxazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a more particular embodiment, R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one imidazolyl, pyrrazolyl, oxazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected Me, or Et. In another particular embodiment, R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one imidazolyl, pyrrazolyl, oxazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected Me, or Et.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula IVa or IVb:

wherein R^(3a), R^(3b), R⁶, the subscript n and Cy are as described above.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula IVc or IVd:

wherein R^(3a), R^(3b), R⁶, the subscript n and Cy are as described above.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IVd, wherein R^(3a), and R^(3b) are both H. In another embodiment, one of R^(3a) and R^(3b) is H, and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo. In a particular embodiment, one of R^(3a) and R^(3b) is H, and the other is Me or Et optionally substituted with one or more halo. In another particular embodiment, one of R^(3a) and R^(3b) is H, and the other is Me or Et. In a more particular embodiment, one of R^(3a) and R^(3b) is H, and the other is Me, Et or CF₃. In a most particular embodiment, one of R^(3a) and R^(3b) is H, and the other is Me. In another most particular embodiment, one of R^(3a) and R^(3b) is H, and the other is CF₃. In another most particular embodiment, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are both Me.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula Va or Vb:

wherein R^(3b), R⁶, the subscript n and Cy are as described above.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula Vc or Vd:

wherein R^(3b), R⁶, the subscript n and Cy are as described above.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vd, wherein Cy is 6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl. In a particular embodiment, Cy is phenyl, or naphthyl. In a more particular embodiment, Cy is phenyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vd, wherein Cy is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. In a particular embodiment, Cy is pyrrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, or benzofuranyl. In a more particular embodiment, Cy is pyridinyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vd, wherein the subscript n is 0.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vd, wherein the subscript n is 1, 2 or 3. In a particular embodiment, the subscript n is 1 or 2.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vd, wherein R⁶ is halo, —CN, —NO₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo. In a particular embodiment, R⁶ is halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a more particular embodiment, R⁶ is F, Cl, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —OCF₃. In a most particular embodiment, R⁶ is F, Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vd, wherein R⁶ is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In another embodiment, R⁶ is pyrrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a particular embodiment, R⁶ is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one, two, or three independently selected halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In another particular embodiment, R⁶ is pyrrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, or three independently selected halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a more particular embodiment, R⁶ is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In another more particular embodiment, R⁶ is pyrrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a most particular embodiment, R⁶ is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one, two, or three independently selected F, Cl, Me, Et, -OMe, or -OEt. In another more particular embodiment, R⁶ is pyrrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, or three independently selected F, Cl, Me, Et, -OMe, or -OEt.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vd, wherein R⁶ is —NR^(9g)R^(9h), wherein R^(9g) and R^(9h) are as previously described. In a particular embodiment, R^(9g) and R^(9h) are both H. In another particular embodiment, R^(9g) and R^(9h) are both C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet another particular embodiment, one of R^(9g) and R^(9h) is H, and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a more particular embodiment, R⁶ is —NH₂, -NHMe, or -NMe₂.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae Va-Vd, wherein R^(3b) is H.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae Va-Vd, wherein R^(3b) is —CH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I-Vd, wherein the

moiety is

wherein each R^(6a), R^(6b) and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, halo, —CN, —NO₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a particular embodiment, each R^(6a), R^(6b) and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, —CN, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, and —OCH₂CH₃. In a more particular embodiment, each R^(6a) is H, and each R^(6b) and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, —CN, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, and —OCH₂CH₃. In a most particular embodiment, each R^(6a) is H, and each R^(6b) and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, —CH₃, and —OCH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is selected from:

-   5-(3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-[3-oxo-3-(4-phenyl-1-piperidyl)propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)-5-phenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-methyl-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-isopropyl-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-methyl-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-p-tolylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(3-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-methyl-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-m-tolylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)-5-(pyridin-3-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-cyclopropylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-(4-(3-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-((S)-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-methyl-5-((S)-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-((S)-3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-((S)-3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-((S)-3-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-methyl-5-((S)-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(4-m-tolylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-((S)-3-(4-(3-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-((S)-3-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-5-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-5-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,4-difluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(3,4-difluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-methyl-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-o-tolylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-o-tolylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(3-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(3-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(4-fluoro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (R)-5-(3-(4-(3-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-(3-(4-(3-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-((3R,4R)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-((3R,4S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-((3R,4R)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-fluoro-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-fluoro-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-fluoro-5-methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-2-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-[4-chloro-3-(dimethylamino)-5-methoxy-phenyl]-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-[4-chloro-3-(dimethylamino)-5-methoxy-phenyl]-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-[3-[4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[(2S)-3-[4-(4-chloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[(3R,4R)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[(2S)-3-[4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5S)-5-[(2S)-3-[4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5     S)-5-[(2S)-3-[4-(4-chloro-3-ethyl-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-ethyl-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-ethyl-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5     S)-5-[(2S)-3-[4-(5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5S)-5-[(2S)-3-[4-(4-chloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5S)-5-[(2S)-3-[4-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[(2S)-3-[4-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[(2S)-3-[4-(5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   5-[3-[4-[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[(2S)-3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5S)-5-[(2S)-3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione -   (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   (5R)-5-[(2R)-3-[4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione,     and -   (5     S)-5-[(2R)-3-[4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione.

In one embodiment a compound of the invention is not an isotopic variant.

In one aspect a compound of the invention according to any one of the embodiments herein described is present as the free base.

In one aspect a compound of the invention according to any one of the embodiments herein described is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

In one aspect a compound of the invention according to any one of the embodiments herein described is a solvate of the compound.

In one aspect a compound of the invention according to any one of the embodiments herein described is a solvate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound.

While specified groups for each embodiment have generally been listed above separately, a compound of the invention includes one in which several or each embodiment in the above Formula, as well as other formulae presented herein, is selected from one or more of particular members or groups designated respectively, for each variable. Therefore, this invention is intended to include all combinations of such embodiments within its scope.

While specified groups for each embodiment have generally been listed above separately, a compound of the invention may be one for which one or more variables (for example, R groups) is selected from one or more embodiments according to any of the Formula(e) listed above. Therefore, the present invention is intended to include all combinations of variables from any of the disclosed embodiments within its scope.

Alternatively, the exclusion of one or more of the specified variables from a group or an embodiment, or combinations thereof is also contemplated by the present invention.

In certain aspects, the present invention provides prodrugs and derivatives of the compounds according to the formulae above. Prodrugs are derivatives of the compounds of the invention, which have metabolically cleavable groups and become by solvolysis or under physiological conditions the compounds of the invention, which are pharmaceutically active, in vivo. Such examples include, but are not limited to, choline ester derivatives and the like, N-alkylmorpholine esters and the like.

Other derivatives of the compounds of this invention have activity in both their acid and acid derivative forms, but the acid sensitive form often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility, or delayed release in the mammalian organism (Bundgard, H, 1985). Prodrugs include acid derivatives well known to practitioners of the art, such as, for example, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acid with a suitable alcohol, or amides prepared by reaction of the parent acid compound with a substituted or unsubstituted amine, or acid anhydrides, or mixed anhydrides. Simple aliphatic or aromatic esters, amides and anhydrides derived from acidic groups pendant on the compounds of this invention are preferred prodrugs. In some cases it is desirable to prepare double ester type prodrugs such as (acyloxy)alkyl esters or ((alkoxycarbonyl)oxy)alkylesters. Particularly useful are the C₁ to C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, aryl, C₇-C₁₂ substituted aryl, and C₇-C₁₂ arylalkyl esters of the compounds of the invention.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

When employed as a pharmaceutical, a compound of the invention is typically administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. Such compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least one active compound of the invention according to Formula I. Generally, a compound of the invention is administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. The amount of compound of the invention actually administered will typically be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound of the invention administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal. Depending on the intended route of delivery, a compound of the invention is preferably formulated as either injectable or oral compositions or as salves, as lotions or as patches all for transdermal administration.

The compositions for oral administration can take the form of bulk liquid solutions or suspensions, or bulk powders. More commonly, however, the compositions are presented in unit dosage forms to facilitate accurate dosing. The term ‘unit dosage forms’ refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient, vehicle or carrier. Typical unit dosage forms include prefilled, premeasured ampules or syringes of the liquid compositions or pills, tablets, capsules or the like in the case of solid compositions. In such compositions, the compound of the invention according to Formula I is usually a minor component (from about 0.1 to about 50% by weight or preferably from about 1 to about 40% by weight) with the remainder being various vehicles or carriers and processing aids helpful for forming the desired dosing form.

Liquid forms suitable for oral administration may include a suitable aqueous or non-aqueous vehicle with buffers, suspending and dispensing agents, colorants, flavors and the like. Solid forms may include, for example, any of the following ingredients, or compound of the inventions of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint or orange flavoring.

Injectable compositions are typically based upon injectable sterile saline or phosphate-buffered saline or other injectable carriers known in the art. As before, the active compound of the invention according to Formula I in such compositions is typically a minor component, often being from about 0.05 to 10% by weight with the remainder being the injectable carrier and the like.

Transdermal compositions are typically formulated as a topical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient(s), generally in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 20% by weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 20% by weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 10% by weight, and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 15% by weight. When formulated as an ointment, the active ingredients will typically be combined with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base. Alternatively, the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream with, for example an oil-in-water cream base. Such transdermal formulations are well-known in the art and generally include additional ingredients to enhance the dermal penetration of stability of the active ingredients or the formulation. All such known transdermal formulations and ingredients are included within the scope of this invention.

A compound of the invention can also be administered by a transdermal device. Accordingly, transdermal administration can be accomplished using a patch either of the reservoir or porous membrane type, or of a solid matrix variety.

The above-described components for orally administrable, injectable or topically administrable compositions are merely representative. Other materials as well as processing techniques and the like are set forth in Part 8 of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17^(th) edition, 1985, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., which is incorporated herein by reference.

A compound of the invention can also be administered in sustained release forms or from sustained release drug delivery systems. A description of representative sustained release materials can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.

The following formulation examples illustrate representative pharmaceutical compositions that may be prepared in accordance with this invention. The present invention, however, is not limited to the following pharmaceutical compositions.

Formulation 1—Tablets

A compound of the invention according to Formula I may be admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio. A minor amount of magnesium stearate may be added as a lubricant. The mixture may be formed into 240-270 mg tablets (80-90 mg of active compound of the invention according to Formula I per tablet) in a tablet press.

Formulation 2—Capsules

A compound of the invention according to Formula I may be admixed as a dry powder with a starch diluent in an approximate 1:1 weight ratio. The mixture may be filled into 250 mg capsules (125 mg of active compound of the invention according to Formula I per capsule).

Formulation 3—Liquid

A compound of the invention according to Formula I (125 mg), may be admixed with sucrose (1.75 g) and xanthan gum (4 mg) and the resultant mixture may be blended, passed through a No. 10 mesh U.S. sieve, and then mixed with a previously made solution of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (11:89, 50 mg) in water. Sodium benzoate (10 mg), flavor, and color may be diluted with water and added with stirring. Sufficient water may then be added with stirring. Further sufficient water may be then added to produce a total volume of 5 mL.

Formulation 4—Tablets

A compound of the invention according to Formula I may be admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio. A minor amount of magnesium stearate may be added as a lubricant. The mixture may be formed into 450-900 mg tablets (150-300 mg of active compound of the invention according to Formula I) in a tablet press.

Formulation 5—Injection

A compound of the invention according to Formula I may be dissolved or suspended in a buffered sterile saline injectable aqueous medium to a concentration of approximately 5 mg/mL.

Formulation 6—Topical

Stearyl alcohol (250 g) and a white petrolatum (250 g) may be melted at about 75° C. and then a mixture of A compound of the invention according to Formula I (50 g) methylparaben (0.25 g), propylparaben (0.15 g), sodium lauryl sulfate (10 g), and propylene glycol (120 g) dissolved in water (about 370 g) may be added and the resulting mixture may be stirred until it congeals.

Methods of Treatment

In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, for use in medicine. In a particular embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention for use in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, and another therapeutic agent. In a particular embodiment, the other therapeutic agent is an agent for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis.

In additional method of treatment aspects, this invention provides methods of prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis, which methods comprise the administration of an effective amount of a compound of the invention or one or more of the pharmaceutical compositions herein described for the treatment or prophylaxis of said condition.

In additional method of treatment aspects, this invention provides methods of prophylaxis and/or treatment of a mammal afflicted with inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis, which methods comprise the administration of an effective amount of a compound of the invention or one or more of the pharmaceutical compositions herein described for the treatment or prophylaxis of said condition.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases. In a particular embodiment, the inflammatory disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. More particularly, the inflammatory disease is osteoarthritis.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention for use in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases. In a particular embodiment, the inflammatory disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. More particularly, the inflammatory disease is osteoarthritis.

In additional method of treatment aspects, this invention provides methods of prophylaxis and/or treatment of a mammal afflicted with inflammatory diseases, which methods comprise the administration of an effective amount of a compound of the invention or one or more of the pharmaceutical compositions herein described for the treatment or prophylaxis of said condition. In a particular embodiment, the inflammatory disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. More particularly, the inflammatory disease is osteoarthritis.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. In a particular embodiment, the diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis is selected from osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, septic or infectious arthritis, reactive arthritis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, algodystrophy, achondroplasia, Paget's disease, Tietze syndrome or costal chondritis, fibromyalgia, osteochondritis, neurogenic or neuropathic arthritis, arthropathy, sarcoidosis, amylosis, hydarthrosis, periodical disease, rheumatoid spondylitis, endemic forms of arthritis like osteoarthritis deformans endemica, Mseleni disease and Handigodu disease; degeneration resulting from fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and ankylosing spondylitis. More particularly, the diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis is osteoarthritis (OA).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention for use in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. In a particular embodiment, the diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis is selected from osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, septic or infectious arthritis, reactive arthritis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, algodystrophy, achondroplasia, Paget's disease, Tietze syndrome or costal chondritis, fibromyalgia, osteochondritis, neurogenic or neuropathic arthritis, arthropathy, sarcoidosis, amylosis, hydarthrosis, periodical disease, rheumatoid spondylitis, endemic forms of arthritis like osteoarthritis deformans endemica, Mseleni disease and Handigodu disease; degeneration resulting from fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and ankylosing spondylitis. More particularly, the diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis is osteoarthritis (OA).

In additional method of treatment aspects, this invention provides methods of prophylaxis and/or treatment of a mammal afflicted with diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis, which methods comprise the administration of an effective amount of a compound of the invention or one or more of the pharmaceutical compositions herein described for the treatment or prophylaxis of said condition. In a particular embodiment, the diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis is selected from osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, septic or infectious arthritis, reactive arthritis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, algodystrophy, achondroplasia, Paget's disease, Tietze syndrome or costal chondritis, fibromyalgia, osteochondritis, neurogenic or neuropathic arthritis, arthropathy, sarcoidosis, amylosis, hydarthrosis, periodical disease, rheumatoid spondylitis, endemic forms of arthritis like osteoarthritis deformans endemica, Mseleni disease and Handigodu disease; degeneration resulting from fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and ankylosing spondylitis. More particularly the diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis is osteoarthritis (OA).

Injection dose levels range from about 0.1 mg/kg/h to at least 10 mg/kg/h, all for from about 1 to about 120 h and especially 24 to 96 h. A preloading bolus of from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg or more may also be administered to achieve adequate steady state levels. The maximum total dose is not expected to exceed about 1 g/day for a 40 to 80 kg human patient.

For the prophylaxis and/or treatment of long-term conditions, such as degenerative conditions, the regimen for treatment usually stretches over many months or years so oral dosing is preferred for patient convenience and tolerance. With oral dosing, one to four (1-4) regular doses daily, especially one to three (1-3) regular doses daily, typically one to two (1-2) regular doses daily, and most typically one (1) regular dose daily are representative regimens. Alternatively for long lasting effect drugs, with oral dosing, once every other week, once weekly, and once a day are representative regimens. In particular, dosage regimen can be every 1-14 days, more particularly 1-10 days, even more particularly 1-7 days, and most particularly 1-3 days.

Using these dosing patterns, each dose provides from about 1 to about 1000 mg of a compound of the invention, with particular doses each providing from about 10 to about 500 mg and especially about 30 to about 250 mg.

Transdermal doses are generally selected to provide similar or lower blood levels than are achieved using injection doses.

When used to prevent the onset of a condition, a compound of the invention will be administered to a patient at risk for developing the condition, typically on the advice and under the supervision of a physician, at the dosage levels described above. Patients at risk for developing a particular condition generally include those that have a family history of the condition, or those who have been identified by genetic testing or screening to be particularly susceptible to developing the condition.

A compound of the invention can be administered as the sole active agent or it can be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents, including other compound of the inventions that demonstrate the same or a similar therapeutic activity and that are determined to be safe and efficacious for such combined administration. In a specific embodiment, co-administration of two (or more) agents allows for significantly lower doses of each to be used, thereby reducing the side effects seen.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention is administered as a medicament. In a specific embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition additionally comprises a further active ingredient.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is co-administered with another therapeutic agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease involving inflammation, particular agents include, but are not limited to, immunoregulatory agents e.g. azathioprine, corticosteroids (e.g. prednisolone or dexamethasone), cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, mycophenolate, mofetil, muromonab-CD3 (OKT3, e.g. Orthocolone®), ATG, aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, and piroxicam.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is co-administered with another therapeutic agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of arthritis (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis), particular agents include but are not limited to analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), steroids, synthetic DMARDS (for example but without limitation methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine, Auranofin, sodium aurothiomalate, penicillamine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, tofacitinib, baricitinib, fostamatinib, and cyclosporin), and biological DMARDS (for example but without limitation infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, rituximab, and abatacept).

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is co-administered with another therapeutic agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of SLE, particular agents include but are not limited to: human monoclonal antibodies (belimumab (Benlysta)), Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as antimalarials (e.g. plaquenil, hydroxychloroquine), immunosuppressants (e.g. methotrexate and azathioprine), cyclophosphamide and mycophenolic acid, immunosuppressive drugs and analgesics, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opiates (e.g. dextropropoxyphene and co-codamol), opioids (e.g. hydrocodone, oxycodone, MS Contin, or methadone) and the fentanyl duragesic transdermal patch.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is co-administered with another therapeutic agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of psoriasis, particular agents include but are not limited to: topical treatments such as bath solutions, moisturizers, medicated creams and ointments containing coal tar, dithranol (anthralin), corticosteroids like desoximetasone (Topicort™), fluocinonide, vitamin D3 analogues (for example, calcipotriol), argan oil and retinoids (etretinate, acitretin, tazarotene), systemic treatments such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, retinoids, tioguanine, hydroxyurea, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, tacrolimus, fumaric acid esters or biologics such as Amevive™, Enbrel™, Humira™, Remicade™, Raptiva™ and ustekinumab (a IL-12 and IL-23 blocker). Additionally, a compound of the invention may be administered in combination with other therapies including, but not limited to phototherapy, or photochemotherapy (e.g. psoralen and ultraviolet A phototherapy (PUVA)).

By co-administration is included any means of delivering two or more therapeutic agents to the patient as part of the same treatment regime, as will be apparent to the skilled person. Whilst the two or more agents may be administered simultaneously in a single formulation, i.e. as a single pharmaceutical composition, this is not essential. The agents may be administered in different formulations and at different times.

Chemical Synthetic Procedures General

The compound of the invention can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e. reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.

Additionally, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. The choice of a suitable protecting group for a particular functional group as well as suitable conditions for protection and deprotection are well known in the art (Greene, T W; Wuts, P G M, 1991).

The following methods are presented with details as to the preparation of a compound of the invention as defined hereinabove and the comparative examples. A compound of the invention may be prepared from known or commercially available starting materials and reagents by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.

All reagents are of commercial grade and are used as received without further purification, unless otherwise stated. Commercially available anhydrous solvents are used for reactions conducted under inert atmosphere. Reagent grade solvents are used in all other cases, unless otherwise specified. Column chromatography is performed on silica gel 60 (35-70 μm). Thin layer chromatography is carried out using pre-coated silica gel 60F-254 plates (thickness 0.25 mm). ¹H NMR spectra are recorded on a 400 MHz Avance Bruker spectrometer or a 300 MHz DPX Bruker spectrometer. Chemical shifts (6) for ¹H NMR spectra are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane (δ 0.00) or the appropriate residual solvent peak, i.e. CHCl₃ (δ 7.27), as internal reference. Multiplicities are given as singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), quartet (q), quintuplet (quin), multiplet (m) and broad (br). Electrospray MS spectra are obtained on a Waters platform LC/MS spectrometer or with Waters Acquity UPLC with Waters Acquity PDA detector and SQD mass spectrometer. Columns used: UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm 2.1×5 mm VanGuard Pre-column with Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm 2.1×30 mm Column or Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm 2.1×50 mm Column. All the methods are using MeCN/H₂O gradients. MeCN and H₂O contain either 0.1% Formic Acid or 0.05% NH₃. Preparative LCMS: column used, Waters XBridge Prep C18 5 μm ODB 30 mm ID×100 mm L (preparative column) and Waters XBridge C18 5 μm 4.6 mm ID×100 mm L (analytical column). All the methods are using MeCN/H₂O gradients. MeCN and H₂O contain either 0.1% Formic Acid or 0.1% Diethylamine. Chiral HPLC analysis are obtained from a Waters 2690 Alliance HPLC system. Microwave heating is performed with a Biotage Initiator. Optical rotation was determined on a Dr. Kernchen Propol digital automatic polarimeter.

TABLE I List of abbreviations used in the experimental section: Abbreviation Definition μL microliter AUC Area Under the Curve BINAP 2,2′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene Bn Benzyl br. D Broad doublet Boc tert-Butyloxy-carbonyl BOP (Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate br. S Broad singlet br. T Broad triplet Cat. Catalytic amount CDI 1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole COCl₂ Phosgene Cpd Compound d doublet DavePhos 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′-(N,N- dimethylamino)biphenyl DCM DCM DEAD Diethyl azodicarboxylate DIPE Diisopropylether DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine DMA Dimethylacetamide DMAP 4-Dimethylaminopyridine DME Dimethoxyethane DMF N,N-dimethylformamide DMPU 1,3-Dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)- pyrimidinone DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide Dppf 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene EDC 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide) EDC.HCl N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride eq. Equivalent Et₃N Triethylamine Et₂O Diethyl ether EtOAc Ethyl acetate EtOH Ethanol FBS Fetal bovine serum g gram h hour HATU O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′- tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate HOBt Hydroxybenzotriazole HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography HPLC/MS High-performance liquid chromatography/mass- spectrometry HRMS High-resolution Mass Spectrometry HRP horseradish peroxydase Int Intermediate JohnPhos (2-Biphenyl)di-tert-butylphosphine kg kilogram L liter LCMS Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry LDA Lithium diisopropylamide LiHMDS Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide m multiplet m-CPBA 3-Chloroperbenzoic acid MeCN Acetonitrile MEK Methyl ethyl ketone Meldrum's 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione acid MeOH Methanol Mg milligram Min minute mL millilitre mmol millimoles MMP Matrix Metallo Proteinase Ms'd Mass measured by LCMS Mtd Method Mukaiyama 2-Chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide reagent MW Molecular weight N.A. Not available n/a No measurable activity Nva Norvaline iPrOH Isopropyl alcohol nBuOH n-Butanol NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance PBF phosphate buffered formalin PBS Phosphate buffered salin P(tBu)₃ Tristertbutylphosphine P(Bu)₃ Tributylphosphine Pd(PPh₃)₄ Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) Pd/C Palladium on Carbon 10% Pd₃(dba)₃ Tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium(0) PdCl₂(dppf) [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] dichloropalladium(II) PdCl₂[P(o-Tol)₃]₂ Dichlorobis(tri-o-tolylphosphine)palladium(II) Pd(OAc)₂ Palladium(II) acetate Pd(OH)₂/C Palladium hydroxide on carbon PEG Polyethylene glycol PEPPSI ™-IPr [1,3-Bis(2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2- ylidene](3-chloropyridyl)palladium(II) dichloride Ppm part-per-million PS-CDI Polymer supported 1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole PS- Polymer supported Mukaiyama reagent Mukaiyama reagent q quadruplet r.t. room temperature RNA Ribonucleic acid Rt retention time RuPhos 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′- diisopropoxybiphenyl s singlet SCX Biotage Isolute ® SCX(Biotage Part 530) SCX-2 Biotage Isolute ® SCX-2 (Biotage Part 532) sept septuplet SFC Supercritical fluid chromatography SM Starting Material Ster Stereochemistry t triplet TBAF Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride 5(6)-TAMRA 5(6)-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (CAS# 98181-63-6) 5-FAM 5-carboxyfluorescein (CAS# 76823-03-5) t-BuOH Tert-butanol TBDPSCl Tert-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride TBSCl Tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride TEA Triethylamine TFA Trifluoroacetic acid THF Tetrahydrofuran TLC Thin-layer chromatography TIPS triisopropyl silyl UPLC/MS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass- spectrometry XantPhos 4,5-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene XPhos 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′- triisopropylbiphenyl MS Mass spectrometry PDA Photodiode array quin Quintet tBu Tert-butyl t-BuLi Tert-butyl lithium UPLC Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography

Example 1. Synthetic Preparation of the Compounds of the Invention

1.1. General Synthetic Methods

1.1.1. Synthetic Methods Overview

B: Preparation of Ketoester

C: Preparation of Ketoacid

General methods A1: Preparation of arylpiperidine via Suzuki coupling

-   -   Method A1: Suzuki reaction     -   Method A2: Hydrogenation     -   Method A3: Neigishi reaction     -   Method A4: Boc deprotection         -   Method A4a: with HCl in dioxane         -   Method A4b: with aqueous HCl         -   Method A4c: with HCl in dioxane+basic work-up     -   Method A5: Synthesis of substituted piperidine         General methods B: Preparation of ketoester     -   Method B1: from Meldrum's acid     -   Method B2: with tert-butyl bromoacetate     -   Method B3: Stetter reaction         General method C: preparation of ketoacids         General method D: Bucherer Bergs reaction         General method E: Method for preparation of hydantoin propionic         acids         General method F: Amide bond formation     -   Method F1: EDC/HOBt     -   Method F2: HATU     -   Method F3: BOP     -   Method F4: Mukaiyama reagent

1.1.2. General Methods A: Preparation of Arylpiperidine

1.1.2.1. Method A1: Suzuki reaction

A solution of halogeno derivative (1 eq.) and N-Boc-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-boronic acid pinacol ester (1 to 1.2 eq.) in a mixture of dioxane and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, is degassed with nitrogen. Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.05 eq. to 0.1 eq.) is added, and the reaction is stirred at 90° C. for 2 to 24 h. The reaction mixture is poured in water and DCM. The organic layer is washed with water and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperazine, to be purified by flash chromatography on silica gel.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 94

5-bromo-2-chloro-1-fluoro-3-methoxy-benzene (32 g, 134 mmol, 1.0 eq) and tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylate (41.5 g, 134 mmol, 1.0 eq) are stirred at room temperature in a mixture of dioxane (880 mL) and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (250 mL), in a round bottom flask, and nitrogen is bubbled through the solution for 30 min. Pd(PPh₃)₄ (7.7 g, 6.7 mmol, 0.05 eq) is then then added, and nitrogen is then bubbled through the solution for a few more min, and the mixture is then heated at 90° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After 24 h, LC/MS analysis shows incomplete conversion. Pd(PPh₃)₄ (1.5 g) and boronic ester (1.5 g) are then newly added, and the mixture is stirred at 90° C. for the weekend.

Once complete conversion is observed by LC/MS analysis, the mixture is then cooled back at room temperature, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained is then partitioned between DCM and water. The aqueous phase is extracted several times with DCM. The combined extracts are then dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude expected compound that is then purified by flash chromatography (eluting with Heptane/AcOEt from 100/0 to 80/20), to finally afford pure expected compound. LCMS: MW (calcd): 341; m/z MW (obsd): 286-288 (M+H-tBu).

1.1.2.2. Method A2: Hydrogenation

To a solution of N-boc aryl tetrahydropyridine (1 eq.) in EtOAc or MeOH, is added PtO₂ (0.1 to 0.3 eq). After purging with vacuum/hydrogen filling cycles, the mixture is stirred under hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 3 to 24 h. The mixture is then filtered, and the filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure to afford clean expected compound, used directly in the next step without further purification.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 63

To a solution of Int 94 (40.8 g, 119 mmol, 1.0 eq) in ethyl acetate is added PtO₂ (4.1 g, 18 mmol, 0.15 eq). After purging with various vacuum/hydrogen filling cycles, the mixture was stirred under hydrogen atmosphere (2 balloons) at room temperature overnight. After complete conversion is observed (monitored by LC/MS analysis), the mixture is then filtered, and the filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure, then dissolved in minimum amount of DCM, filtered again, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give clean expected compound used directly in the next step. LCMS: MW (calcd): 343; m/z MW (obsd): 288-290 (M+H-tBu).

1.1.3. Method A3: Neigishi Reaction

Step i)

Zinc dust (521 mg, 8.0 mmol, 1.25 eq) and Celpure 65 (100 mg) are suspended in DMA (1.3 mL). The mixture is then degassed under vacuum, and filled with argon. A trimethylsilyl chloride/1,2-dibromoethane mixture (7:5, V:V, 150 μL) is added dropwise, and the reaction mixture is stirred for 15 min at room temperature. The N-Boc protected iodopiperidine (2 g, 6.4 mmol, 1 eq.) in DMA (3.2 mL) is added to the previous solution dropwise, over 15 min under argon. The reaction is then stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Stirring is then stopped for the solid to settle at the bottom of the flask for 2 h. The solution was syringed out, filtered into a sealed tube, purged with argon, and kept at room temperature, as a 1 M solution, for next coupling step.

Step ii)

A solution of bromo aryl derivative (1 eq), 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium(II)dichloride DCM complex (0.1 eq), copper (I) iodide (0.25 eq.) in DMA is degassed under vacuum, and filled with nitrogen. The 1 M solution of zinc reagent previously made is then added (1.4 eq.). The mixture is degassed one more time, heated at 80° C. for 3 h, and then at room temperature overnight. The reaction is then quenched with brine, and ethyl acetate is added. The mixture is filtered through clarcel, and the aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound is then purified by flash chromatography.

Step ii) Illustrative Synthesis of Int 55

A solution of 1-bromo-3,5-dimethoxy-4-chloro benzene (85 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1.0 eq.), 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium(II)dichloride DCM complex (25 mg, 0.034 mmol, 0.1 eq.), copper (I) iodide (16 mg, 0.034 mmol, 0.25 eq.) in DMA (0.5 mL) is degassed under vacuum, and filled with nitrogen. The 1 M solution of zinc reagent previously made is then added (0.47 mL, 0.47 mmol, 1.4 eq.). The mixture is degassed one more time, heated at 80° C. for 3 h, and then at room temperature overnight. The reaction is then quenched with brine, and ethyl acetate is added. The mixture is filtered through clarcel, and the aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound is then purified by flash chromatography (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 80/20) to afford the expected N-Boc aryl piperidine. LCMS: MW (calcd): 366; m/z MW (obsd): 300 (M+H-tBu).

1.1.3.1. Method A4: Boc-Deprotection

1.1.3.1.1 Method A4a (with HCl in Dioxane)

A flask is charged with N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivative (1 eq.), HCl 4N in dioxane (10 to 40 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture can be diluted with DCM or dioxane, and stirred at r.t. for 1 h to 2 days. If a precipitate is formed, it is filtered or centrifuged and washed with Et₂O or CH₃CN, otherwise, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. Both work-up afford the expected arylpiperidine as hydrochloride salt.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 24

Int 63 (119 mmol, crude from previous step—see method A2) is stirred at room temperature in HCl (4N) in dioxane. After 5-10 min at room temperature, the mixture is cooled with an ice/water bath, causing precipitation of the compound, and when the temperature is stabilized, stirring is kept for 90 min at room temperature. The suspension obtained is filtered, washed with dioxane, and dried under suction and then under reduced pressure to give clean expected compound as a chlorhydrate salt. LCMS: MW (calcd): 243; m/z MW (obsd): 244-246 (M+H).

1.1.3.1.2 Method A4b (with Aqueous HCl)

A flask is charged with N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivative (1 eq.), and concentrated aqueous HCl (37%) (200 eq.). The mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight, and if conversion is not completed, is then heated at 80° C. for 1 h. After complete conversion is obtained, the mixture is diluted with water (10 fold), and ethyl acetate is added. The aqueous phase is collected, made basic by addition of solid NaOH (210 eq.), and extracted with DCM. The organic phase is then collected, washed with brine, and dried over MgSO₄. After filtration, volatiles are removed from the filtrate via rotary evaporation to give the expected arylpiperidine.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 47

A round bottomed flask (50 mL) is charged with Int 84 (0.210 g, 0.611 mmol) and concentrated aqueous HCl (37%, 10 mL, 120 mmol, 200 equiv.). After 16 h, LC-MS analysis shows full conversion to expected product. The mixture is combined with H₂O (100 mL) and EtOAc (100 mL) in a separatory funnel and agitated. The aqueous phase is collected, made basic by the addition of NaOH (5.2 g, 130 mmol, 210 equiv.) and extracted with DCM (100 mL). The organic phase is collected, washed with brine (100 mL) and dried over MgSO₄. After filtration, volatiles are removed from the filtrate via rotary evaporation to give a pale yellow oil. LCMS: MW (calcd): 243; m/z MW (obsd): 244-246 (M+H).

1.1.3.1.3 Method A4c (with HCl in Dioxane+Basic Work-Up)

To a solution of N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivative (1 eq.) in acetonitrile or DCM is added HCl 4N in dioxane (10 to 40 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 1 h to 2 days, concentrated in vacuo and the residue is taken up in water and EtOAc or DCM. The aqueous layer is separated and basified with NaOH 1N solution or with a saturated Na₂CO₃ or NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with EtOAc or DCM. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ (or MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperidine.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 38

To 4-(4-Fluoro-5-methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (450 mg, 1.39 mmol, 1.0 eq.) is added 4M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (6 ml) and the mixture is stirred at room temperature. After 3 h, conversion is complete. The reaction mixture is diluted with water, a solution of NaHCO₃ is added and the compound is extracted with DCM. Organic layers are combined and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain expected compound.

LCMS: MW (calcd): 223; m/z MW (obsd): 224 (M+H).

1.1.3.2. Method A5: Synthesis of Substituted Piperidine—Illustrative Synthesis (Int 36 & Int 37)

Step i)

To a solution of 3,4-difluorophenyl boronic acid (2.295 g, 14.53 mmol, 1 eq.) in DME/water (75/75 mL) under argon at r.t. are added 4-bromo-methylpyridine hydrochloride (2.5 g. 12.06 mmol, 1 eq.) and NaHCO₃ (4.8 g, 58.13 mmol, 4 eq.). The reaction mixture is purged with argon and Pd(PPh3)₄ (1.7 g, 1.453 mmol, 0.1 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 100° C. overnight, filtered through a pad of celite, diluted with EtOAc and washed with water and brine. The organic phase is dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel affords the expected aryl pyridine derivative. LCMS: MW (calcd): 205; m/z MW (obsd): 207 (M+H).

Step ii)

To a solution of 4-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-pyridine hydrochloride (2 g, 9.74 mmol, 1 eq.) in ethanol (40 mL), is added platinum(IV) oxide (450 mg, 1.98 mmol, 0.2 eq.), and the reaction mixture is hydrogenated in Parr apparatus at 30 psi and r.t. for 4.5 h. The reaction mixture is filtered, washed with ethanol and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo to afford 4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperidine as a mixture of diastereoisomers. LCMS: MW (calcd): 211; in 2 peaks, m/z MW (obsd): 212 (M+H).

Step iii)

1 g of the mixture of diastereoisomers is purified by preparative chromatography (12 runs ×80 mg/1 mL). First two fractions of each run are combined and solvent concentrated in vacuo to afford Int36.

LCMS: MW (calcd): 211; m/z MW (obsd): 212 (M+H).

1.1.4. General Methods B: Preparation of Ketoester

1.1.4.1. Method B1: from Meldrumn's acid

Step i)

To a solution of the carboxylic acid (1 eq.) in DCM at 0° C. under N2 atmosphere is added portionwise DMAP (1.5 eq.) then 2,2-Dimethyl-[1,3]dioxane-4,6-dione (1.1 eq.) then EDC.HCl (1.2 eq.).

After 10 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture is warmed to r.t. and stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture is quenched with a solution of KHSO₄ 5%. The aqueous phase is extracted with DCM, the combined organic layers are washed with a solution of KHSO₄ 5%, water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. This residue is taken up in anhydrous toluene and benzyl alcohol (1.1 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at 120° C. for 16 h to 20 h, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected γ-ketoester.

Step ii)

To a solution of the γ-ketoester (1 eq.) in MEK are added K₂CO₃ (2 eq.), NaI (0.1 eq.) and bromo derivative (1 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at 90° C. for 6 h to 16 h and cooled to room temperature. Water is added, reaction mixture acidified to pH 8 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected γ-ketoester.

Step iii)

To a solution of the γ-ketoester (1 eq.) in MeOH are added Pd(OH)₂/C (0.01 eq.), and cyclohexene (50 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at 70° C. for 19 h. The reaction mixture is filtered on celpure P65 and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected γ-ketoester.

Illustrative Synthesis of tert-butyl 5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-pentanoate (precursor of Int 9)

Step i)

To a solution of methoxy-acetic acid (5.11 mL, 0.067 mol, 1 eq.) in DCM (160 mL) at 0° C. under N₂ atmosphere is added portionwise DMAP (12.21 g, 0.100 mol, 1.5 eq.) then 2,2-Dimethyl-[1,3]dioxane-4,6-dione (10.56 g, 0.073 mol, 1.1 eq.) then EDC.HCl (15.32 g, 0.080 mol, 1.2 eq.). After 10 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture is warmed to r.t. and stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture is quenched with a solution of KHSO₄ 5%. The aqueous phase is extracted with DCM, the combined organic layers are washed with a solution of KHSO₄ 5%, water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. This residue is taken up in anhydrous toluene (220 mL) and benzyl alcohol (7.59 mL, 0.073 mol, 1.1 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at 120° C. for 16 h, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM 100%) to afford the expected γ-ketoester. LCMS: MW (calcd): 222; m/z MW (obsd): 245.3 (M+Na)

Step ii)

To a solution of the γ-ketoester (8.96 g, 0.040 mol, 1 eq.) in MEK (120 mL) are added K₂CO₃ (11.14 g, 0.081 mol, 2 eq.), NaI (0.6 g, 0.004 mol, 0.1 eq.) and 2-Bromo-propionic acid tert-butyl ester (6.69 mL, 0.040 mol, 1 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at 90° C. for 6 h and cooled to r.t. Water is added, and the reaction mixture is acidified to pH 8 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 50/50) to afford the expected γ-ketoester. LCMS: MW (calcd): 350; m/z MW (obsd): 373.4 (M+Na)

Step iii)

To a solution of the γ-ketoester (6.42 g, 0.018 mol, 1 eq.) in MeOH are added Pd(OH)₂/C (0.642 g, 0.002 mol, 0.01 eq.), and cyclohexene (93 mL, 0.916 mol, 50 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at 70° C. for 19 h. The reaction mixture is filtered on celpure P65, washed with MeOH and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 70/30) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 216; m/z MW (obsd): 239.3 (M+Na).

1.1.4.2. Method B2: With Tert-Butyl Bromoacetate

Illustrative Synthesis of tert-butyl 4-cyclopropyl-4-oxo-butanoate (precursor of Int 2)

A solution of LDA (3.0 L, 5.98 mol, 1.17 eq.) in THF (2.5 L) is cooled to −78° C. A solution of 1-cyclopropylethanone (460 g, 5.11 mol, 1 eq.) in THF (0.5 L) is added dropwise, then warmed to 20° C. and stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture is cooled to −78° C. and tert-butyl bromoacetate (997 g, 5.11 mol, 1 eq.) in THF (0.5 L) is added slowly. The reaction is stirred at 0° C. overnight, quenched with saturated NH₄Cl aq. (3.3 L), extracted with EtOAc (0.5 L×3), washed with water (0.5 L×2), saturated NH₄Cl aq. (1 L), and brine (1 L), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Purification by distillation under reduced pressure (5 mbar, 95° C.) affords the expected γ-ketoester.

1.1.4.3. Method B3: Stetter Reaction

A vial is charged with aldehyde (1 eq.), tert-butyl ester acrylate (1 eq.), PBu3 (1 eq.) and dry THF. The vial is capped and heated at 70° C. for 2 h to 16 h. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected γ-ketoester after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel.

Illustrative Synthesis of tert-butyl 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoate (precursor of Int 1)

A vial is charged with pyridine-3-carboxaldehyde (16 mL, 170 mmol, 1 eq.), tert-butyl ester acrylate (24.8 mL, 170 mmol, 1 eq.), PBu3 (42.5 mL, 170 mmol, 1 eq.) and dry THF (300 mL). The vial is capped and heated at 70° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic layers are washed with saturated NH₄Cl, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford crude expected compound that is then purified by flash chromatography on silica gel. LCMS: MW (calcd): 235; m/z MW (obsd): 236 (M+H).

1.2. General Method C: Preparation of Ketoacids

Step i)

A round bottomed flask is charged with imidazole (2.0 eq.) and DCM. Upon dissolution, acyl chloride (1.0 eq) is added. After 16 h, the mixture is filtered. Volatiles are removed from the filtrate via rotary evaporation. The residue is combined with DCM and Meldrum's acid (2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione)(1.0 eq.) in a flask, sealed with an oil bubbler. After 16 h, complete conversion is observed. The mixture is combined with H₂O and concentrated aqueous HCl (37%, 1.5 equiv.) in a separatory funnel and agitated. The organic phase is collected, washed with brine and dried over MgSO₄. After filtration, volatiles are removed from the filtrate via rotary evaporation. This residue is taken up in ethanol and stirred at reflux overnight, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or distillation under vacuum to afford the expected beta-ketoester.

Step ii)

To a solution of beta-ketoester (1 eq.) in MEK (concentration-0.5 M) are added K₂CO₃ (2 eq.), NaI (0.1 eq.) and 2-Bromo-propionic acid tert-butyl ester (1.0 to 1.05 eq.). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux for 40 to 64 h and cooled to room temperature. Water is added, and the reaction mixture is acidified to pH 8 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected γ-ketoester used as such in the next step.

Step iii)

To a solution of the γ-ketoester (1 eq.) in EtOH (concentration-0.1 M) is added a solution of NaOH (3 eq.) in water (1:1 volume with ethanol). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux for 16 h, cooled to r.t., diluted with water and cooled in an ice bath. To this is added dropwise H₃PO₄ (85%, 0.2 to 0.6 eq) and conc. HCl (2.5 to 2.8 eq.), the ice bath is removed and reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The reaction mixture is cooled in an ice bath and a solution of NaOH (solid or aqueous solution, 3 eq.) is added to adjust the pH to 8 to 10. The solution is combined with DCM or CHCl₃, the aqueous layer is collected, cooled in an ice bath and the pH adjusted to pH=2 with conc. HCl. The solution is saturated with NaCl and extracted with DCM or CHCl₃. The combined organic layers are then dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product, which is then either distilled, or used as such.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 11

Step i)

A round bottomed flask (2 L) is charged with imidazole (109 g, 1.6 mol, 2.0 eq.) and DCM (750 mL). Upon dissolution, methoxyacetyl chloride (73.0 mL, 0.80 mol, 1.0 eq) is added. After 16 h, the mixture is filtered. Volatiles are removed from the filtrate via rotary evaporation to give a light brown oil.

The liquid residue is then combined with DCM (500 mL) and Meldrum's acid (2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione) (115 g, 0.80 mol, 1.0 eq.) in a round bottomed flask (1 L) sealed with an oil bubbler. After 16 h, LCMS analysis shows complete conversion. The mixture is combined with H₂O (1.2 L) and concentrated aqueous HCl (37%, 100 mL, 1.20 mol, 1.5 equiv.) in a separatory funnel and agitated. The organic phase is collected, washed with brine (1 L) and dried over MgSO₄. After filtration, volatiles are removed from the filtrate via rotary evaporation. The residue (143.31 g) is combined with ethanol (400 mL) in a round bottomed flask (1 L) equipped with a reflux condensor and sealed with an oil bubbler and heated to reflux. After 16 h, the flask is allowed to cool to room temperature. Volatiles are removed via rotary evaporation, and the residue is distilled under vacuum (120° C. at 0.5 mbar) to give a colorless liquid.

Step ii)

A three necked, round bottomed flask (2 L) is charged with beta-ketoester (95.9 g, 0.60 mol), tert-butyl bromopropionate (102 mL, 0.610 mol, 1.02 eq.), NaI (9.15 g, 61 0.0 mmol, 0.10 eq.), K₂CO₃ (165.63 g, 1.2 mol, 2.0 eq.) and MEK (1 L). The flask is equipped with a mechanical agitator and reflux condensor, sealed with an oil bubbler and heated to reflux. After 64 h, the mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature. Water (750 mL) is added, and when all solids are dissolved, the biphasic mixture is agitated in a separatory funnel. The organic phase is collected, washed with H₂O (750 mL) and brine (750 mL) and dried over MgSO₄. After filtration, volatiles are removed from the filtrate via rotary evaporation to give the expected compound.

Step iii)

A round bottomed flask (3 L) is charged with ketodiester (145.93 g, 0.506 mol), NaOH (61.26 g, 1.5 mol, 3.0 eq.), H₂O (500 mL) and EtOH (500 mL). The flask is equipped with a mechanical agitator and reflux condensor, sealed with an oil bubbler and heated to reflux. After 16 h, the mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature, diluted with H₂O (500 mL) and cooled in an ice bath. To this is added H₃PO₄ (85%, 7.0 mL, 0.10 mol) followed by slow addition of HCl (aq) (37%, 110 mL, 1.32 mol, caution: vigorous effervescence) from and addition funnel, and then the ice bath is removed. After 30 min, the flask is cooled in an ice bath, and NaOH (60.03 g, 1.501 mol) is added (caution: exothermic) to adjust the pH to 10. To the resulting mixture is added H₂O (1.5 L) to dissolve all solids and render a homogeneous solution. The solution is washed with CHCl₃ (500 mL), cooled in an ice bath, and then the pH is adjusted to pH=2, by addition of HCl(aq) (37%, 126 mL, 1.51 mol). The solution is saturated with NaCl and extracted with CHCl₃ (2×500 mL). The organic phases are pooled and dried over MgSO₄. After filtration, volatiles are removed from the filtrate via rotary evaporation. The residue is purified by vacuum distillation (200° C. at 0.2 mbar) to collect a pale yellow liquid.

1.3. General Method D: Bucherer Bergs Reaction

A pressure reactor or an open round bottom flask equipped with a condenser is charged with a solution of (NH₄)₂CO₃ or (NH₄)HCO₃ (8-12 eq.) in water. KCN (2 to 4 eq.) is added portionwise then a solution of γ-ketoester or γ-ketoamide (1 eq.) in EtOH is added. The vessel is sealed and heated at 60-90° C. for 1 h to 2 days. The reaction mixture is cooled to r.t., combined with water and extracted with AcOEt or CHCl₃/nBuOH 10%. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried (over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ or MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is either recrystallized or purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected hydantoin derivative.

Illustrative Synthesis trans tert-butyl 2-methyl-3-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)propanoate (Precursor of Int 5)

A pressure reactor is charged with a solution of (NH₄)₂CO₃ (79.4 g, 0.826 mol, 8 eq.) in water (400 mL). KCN (20 g, 0.307 mol, 3 eq.) is added portionwise then a solution of γ-ketoester (19.15 g, 0.103 mol, 1 eq.) in EtOH (400 mL) is added. The vessel is sealed and heated at 90° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is cooled to r.t., combined with water and extracted with CHCl₃/nBuOH 10%. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo.

The above reaction is performed twice and the two crude residues are gathered for recrystallization. A flask is charged with the two crude residues, EtOH (250 mL) is added and the reaction mixture is heated at reflux. Upon complete dissolution, the reaction mixture is allowed to cool to r.t. for 2 days, it is then filtered and the crystalline solid is combined with EtOH (200 mL), heated to reflux, cooled to r.t. overnight and filtered to afford the expected hydantoin as a trans-Me racemic mixture (LCMS: >99% de, MW (calcd): 256; m/z MW (obsd): 257 (M+H)).

1.4. General Method E: Method for Preparation of Hydantoin Propionic Acids

A flask is charged with tert-butyl ester (1 eq.) and HCl 4N in dioxane (5 to 40 eq.). In some cases, an additional solvent such as DCM, dioxane or water is added to increase solubility. The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 1 h to 4 days until complete conversion. The reaction mixture is either concentrated in vacuo or filtered and washed with Et₂O to afford the expected carboxylic acid.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 2

A flask is charged with a solution of hydantoin (200 g, 746 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in dioxane (100 mL) and is cooled in an ice bath, HCl 4N in dioxane (1 L) is added slowly. The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 4 h and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting solid is suspended in 240 mL of acetonitrile, then stirred at reflux for 1 h, and allowed to cool down to r.t. under stirring. The resulting solid is separated by filtration, washed twice with acetonitrile (2×30 mL), and finally dried under vacuum at 45° C. to afford the expected carboxylic acid. LC/MS: MW (calcd): 212; m/z MW (obsd): 211 (M−H).

1.5. General Method F: Amide Bond Formation

1.5.1. Method F1: EDC/HOBt

A solution of acid (1 eq.), Et₃N (3 to 4 eq.), HOBt (0.1 to 1.1 eq.) in DMF (or DCM) is stirred at r.t. EDC.HCl (1 to 1.2 eq.) is added, then amine (0.95 to 2 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 5 h to 2 days. The reaction mixture is partitioned between DCM (or EtOAC) and water, extracted with DCM (or EtOAc). The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ (or MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or preparative LCMS to afford the expected amide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 3

A solution of 3-(4-Phenyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)propionic acid (30 mg, 0.12 mmol, 1 eq.), TEA (51 μL, 0.35 mmol, 3 eq.) and HOBT (18 mg, 0.13 mmol, 1.1 eq) in DMF is stirred at room temperature for 5 min. EDC-HCl (28 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.2 eq) is then added and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 min. 4-phenylpiperidine in solution in minimum amount of DMF is then added, and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. Solvent are evaporated under reduced pressure, and crude compound is then purified by LC/MS preparative purification, to afford expected Cpd 3. LCMS: MW (calcd): 391; m/z MW (obsd): 392 (M+H).

1.5.2. Method F2: HATU

A flask is charged with acid (1 eq.), amine (0.85 to 1.1 eq.), HATU (0.85 to 1.1 eq.) and DMF (or THF). DIPEA (2 to 6 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 5 h to 2 days. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and water, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried (over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄, or hydrophobic column), filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or preparative LCMS to afford the expected amide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 84

Int 6 (12.0 g, 64.2 mmol, 1.2 eq.), Int 24 (15.0 g, 53.5 mmol, 1.0 eq), and HATU (22.4 g, 59.0 mmol, 1.1 eq) are stirred in DMF (350 mL). DIPEA (37 mL, 214 mmol, 4.0 eq) is then added. The mixture is then stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture is then concentrated under reduced pressure until a volume ˜50 mL, and the crude is partitioned between ethyl acetate and water+brine. The aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times), and the combined organic layers are washed with big amount of water (˜2 L), saturated NaHCO₃, then water again and finally brine. The organic layer is then dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford crude compound as a slightly pink solid.

The compound is then stirred in refluxing ethanol (280 mL) until dissolution of all the solid, and filtered. The solution is then let to cool back to room temperature, in a round bottom flask open to the air. After formation of small crystals, the mixture is sonicated until complete crystallization of the compound. The solid obtained is then filtered and washed with cold ethanol to afford the expected compound.

The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure, until volume of ethanol −150 mL. Application of the same crystallization process can give a new batch of expected compound. LCMS: MW (calcd): 411; m/z MW (obsd): 412 (M+H). Melting point of the two batches: 196-198° C.

1.5.3. Method F3: BOP

A flask is charged with acid (1 eq.), DMF (or DCM), DIPEA or Et₃N (2 to 6 eq.) and BOP (0.77 to 1.1 eq.). After 5-15 min, amine (0.77 to 1.5 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 5 h to 2 days. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc (or DCM) and water, extracted with EtOAc (or DCM). The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried (over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄, or hydrophobic column), filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or preparative LCMS to afford the expected amide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 20

A vial is charged with Int 3 (0.050 g, 0.221 mmol), DCM (2 mL), BOP (0.102 g, 0.231 mmol, 1.04 equiv.) and DIPEA (0.035 mL, 0.21 mmol, 0.97 equiv.). After 5 min, 4-phenylpiperidine (0.044 g, 0.273 mmol, 1.23 equiv.) and DIPEA (0.097 mL, 0.57 mmol, 2.6 equiv.) are added. After 16 h, the mixture is combined with DCM (50 mL) and H₂O (50 mL) in a separatory funnel and agitated. The organic phase is collected and washed with brine (50 mL) and dried over MgSO₄. After filtration, volatiles are removed from the filtrate via rotary evaporation. The residue is purified by preparative HPLC. LCMS: MW (calcd): 369; m/z MW (obsd): 370 (M+H).

1.5.4. Method F4: Mukaiyama Reagent—Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 1

A flask is charged with 3-[(4S)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]propionic acid (54 mg, 0.31 mmol, 1 eq.), 4-phenylpiperidine (76 mg, 0.47 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and DMF (4 mL)+DCM (1 mL). Et₃N (169 μL, 1.25 mmol, 4 eq.) and PS-Mukaiyama reagent (load 1.17 mmol/g, 540 mg, 0.63 mmol, 2 eq.) are added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 18 h. Reaction mixture is filtered, washed with DCM and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative LCMS to afford the expected Cpd 1. LCMS: MW (calcd): 315; m/z MW (obsd): 316 (M+H).

Example 2. Intermediate Synthesis

2.1. Synthesis of Int 4

A round bottomed flask (1 L) is charged with D-glutamic acid, H₂O and KOCN and heated at 80° C. After 6 h, the flask is allowed to cool to room temperature. Aqueous HCl (6 N, 200 mL, 1.2 mol) is slowly added (caution: vigorous effervescence). The flask is then heated at 60° C. After 1 h, the flask is allowed to cool to room temperature. After 24 h, volatiles are removed via rotary evaporation. The resulting solid is stirred in 360 mL of boiling dioxane. The suspension is then hot filtered, and the filtrate is let at room temperature over the weekend.

Evaporation of the filtrate gives a white crude product (15.7 g) that is recrystallized from 140 mL of boiling water. New batch of expected compound is obtained (7.36 g), and the filtrate is concentrated (until ˜20 mL of water), and cooled in the fridge for 3 h. The solid obtained is then filtered, and washed with cold water, to give another batch of clean expected compound (1.98 g). LCMS: MW (calcd): 172; m/z MW (obsd): 171 (M−H).

2.2. Synthesis of Int 6

The racemic 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)propionic acid (805 g) is separated by SFC to afford 384 g of the faster eluting isomer and 388 g of the slower eluting isomer. Conditions of the separation: Instrument: Thar350 preparative SFC, Column: ChiralPak AD-10m, 300×50 mmI.D., Mobile phase: A for CO₂ and B for IPA (0.1% TFA), Gradient: B 25%, Flow rate: 220 mL/min, Back pressure: 100 bar, Column temperature: 38° C., Wavelength: 210 nm, Cycletime: ˜3.8 min, Sample preparation: Compound is dissolved in methanol to −80 mg/mL, Injection: 1.0 mL per injection, Work up: After separation, the fractions are dried off via rotary evaporator at bath temperature 40° C. to get the desired isomers.

2.3. Synthesis of Int 7 (Chiral Separation)

The racemic hydantoin propionic acid is separated by SFC to afford a fast eluting isomer ((R)-enantiomer) and a slow eluting isomer ((S)-enantiomer).

The purification is done in 2 stages.

Conditions of the first separation: preparative SFC, Column: ChiralPak AD-0 nm, 300×50 mmI.D., Mobile phase: A for CO₂ and B for Ethanol, Gradient: B 45%, Flow rate: 200 mL/min, Back pressure: 100 bar, Column temperature: 38° C., Wavelength: 220 nm, Cycletime: ˜10.0 min. The compound is dissolved in methanol to −120 mg/mL, and loaded on the column (16 mL per injection). After separation, the fractions are dried off via rotary evaporator to get the desired isomers.

Conditions of the second separation: Prep HPLC, Column: C18, 250×50 mm I.D., Mobile phase: A for H₂O and B for Acetonitrile, Gradient: B 5%-20% in 15 min linearly, Flow rate: 80 mL/min, Wavelength: 220 nm. The compound is dissolved in methanol (100 mg/mL) and loaded on the column (10 mL per injection). After separation, the fraction is concentrated via rotary evaporator and the remaining aqueous layer is lyophilized.

2.4. Synthesis of Int 124

A solution of 1-bromo-4-chloro-3,5-difluorobenzene (100 mg, 0.44 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and sodium methylate (59 mg, 1.1 mmol, 2.5 eq.) in DMA (0.6 mL) is heated at 100° C. for 3 h. Sodium methoxide (12 mg, 0.22 mmol, 0.5 eq.) is added and the mixture is heated at 100° C. for 1 h, then cooled to r.t. Water (6 mL) is added and the solid is collected by filtration and dried under suction to give the expected product.

2.5. Synthesis of Int 125

1-Bromo-4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-methyl-benzene (1.0 g, 4.5 mmol, 1.0 eq.) is dissolved in MeOH (10 mL) and a solution of sodium methoxide in MeOH (25% wt, 1.9 mL, 9.0 mmol, 2.0 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is submitted to microwave irradiation for 50 min at 120° C. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Crystallization upon standing and filtration afford the expected product.

2.6. Synthesis of Int 126

A mixture of 3-chloro-4-fluoroanisole (2.52 g, 15.7 mmol, 1.0 eq.), silver trifluoroacetate (8.53 g, 38.6 mmol, 2.5 eq.), iodine (7.94 g, 31.3 mmol, 2.0 eq.) and chloroform (100 mL) is stirred at r.t. for 16 h.

The reaction mixture is filtered through a silica plug on a fritted funnel and rinsed with chloroform. The filtrate is washed successively with an aqueous solution of Na₂S₂O₃, water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected product.

2.7. Synthesis of Int 127

A mixture of 4-chloro-3-fluoroanisole (2.52 g, 15.7 mmol, 1.0 eq.), silver trifluoroacetate (8.57 g, 38.8 mmol, 2.5 eq.), iodine (7.95 g, 31.3 mmol, 2.0 eq.) and chloroform (100 mL) is stirred at r.t. for 16 h. The reaction mixture is filtered through a silica plug on a fritted funnel and rinsed with chloroform. The filtrate is washed successively with an aqueous solution of Na₂S20₃, water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected product.

2.8. Synthesis of Int 128

1-bromo-3,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzene (365 mg, 1.5 mmol, 1.0 eq.) is heated in a 0.5M solution of sodium methoxide in methanol (6.0 mL, 3.0 mmol, 2.0 eq.) at 70° C. for 4 h, then at 85° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture is cooled in an ice water bath. The solid is filtered and dried under suction to afford the expected product.

2.9. Synthesis of Int 129

5-Bromo-3-chloro-2-fluorophenol (113 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 eq.) is dissolved in MeCN (1 mL) in a microwave vial. Iodomethane (94 μL, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 eq.) and potassium carbonate (138 mg, 1.0 mmol, 2.0 eq.) are successively added. The vial is submitted to microwave irradiation at 100° C. for 10 min. The mixture is filtered and the salts are washed with EtOAc. The filtrate is then partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organic phase is dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product, which is used as such in the next step.

2.10. Synthesis of Int 130

A solution of 1-bromo-4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-benzene (542 mg, 2.3 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and sodium ethoxide (308 mg, 4.6 mmol, 2.0 eq.) in DMA (2.3 mL) is heated at 110° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture is then poured into 100 mL of water. The aqueous layer is extracted 3 times with EtOAc. The combined organic phases are washed successively with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product which is used as such in the next step. 2.11. Synthesis of Int 131

Step i)

N-boc-2-methoxy aniline (2.0 g, 9.0 mmol, 1.0 eq) is stirred in dry Et₂O at −78° C. t-BuLi in pentane (1.6 M, 17 mL, 27 mmol, 3.0 eq) is then added dropwise at −78° C. Once addition is complete, the mixture is stirred at −78° C. for 10 min, then 20 min at 0° C. The mixture is then cooled back to −78° C., and a solution of iodoethane (1.4 mL, 18.0 mmol, 2.0 eq) in dry Et₂O is then added dropwise, and stirring is kept at −78° C. After a few min, the dry ice/acetone bath is removed, and the mixture is warm up to room temperature and left at r.t. overnight. The mixture is then carefully quenched with water. Brine is added, and the aqueous layer is extracted with Et₂O (three times). The combined organic layers are dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by flash chromatography (Heptane/AcOEt 100/0 to 85/15), to afford the expected compound. LCMS: MW (calcd): 251; m/z MW (obsd): 252 (M+H).

Step ii)

N-boc-substitued aniline (945 mg, 3.76 mmol, 1.0 eq) is stirred in dioxane (5 mL), and HCl (4N in dioxane) is added. The mixture is stirred at r.t. for 1 h30, and water and EtOAc is added. NaOH (2M) is added to the aqueous layer until a pH higher than 10 is reached, and is then extracted with DCM (3 times). The combined organic layers are washed with water, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the expected deprotected aniline.

Step iii) and Step iv)

Identical procedures from synthesis of Int 132 Step i) and step ii) were applied for step iii) and step iv), to afford Int 131.

2.12. Synthesis of Int 132

Step i)

To a solution of 2-methoxy-6-methylaniline (13.47 g, 98.3 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (1.3 L) and MeOH (520 mL) is added benzyltrimethylammonium tribromide (38.3 g, 98.3 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and calcium carbonate (39.3 g, 393.2 mmol, 4.0 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 1 h. The solid is filtered and washed with DCM. The filtrate is washed twice with water. The combined aqueous layers are extracted twice with Et₂O. The combined organic phases are dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 215; m/z MW (obsd): 216-218 (M+H).

Step ii)

To 4-bromo-2-methoxy-6-methyl-aniline (20.85 g, 96.5 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in a 6N aqueous HCl solution (54 mL, 326 mmol, 3.4 eq.) at 0° C. is added slowly, under vigorous stirring, a 0° C.-cooled solution of sodium nitrite (6.49 g, 94 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in water (27 mL). The resulting mixture is added quickly to a 0° C.-cooled solution of CuCl (46.1 g, 465.5 mmol, 4.8 eq.) in concentrated HCl (41 mL), and the flask is rinsed with 75 mL of water. The reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then at reflux for 18 h. The reaction mixture is cooled back to r.t., diluted with water and brine and extracted 3 times with DCM. The combined organic phases are washed successively with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo. The residue is stirred in 300 mL of heptane at 100° C. for 15 min, filtered and washed with heptane. The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected product.

2.13. Synthesis of Int 133

Step i)

1-bromo-4-chloro-3,5-difluorobenzene (682 mg, 3.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.), dimethylamine hydrochloride (734 mg, 9.0 mmol, 3.0 eq.) and DIPEA (2.1 mL, 12.0 mmol, 4.0 eq.) are heated in DMA (2.1 mL) in a sealed microwave vial at 125° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture is then poured into water and brine. The aqueous layer is extracted 3 times with EtOAc. The combined organic phases are washed successively with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 251; m/z MW (obsd): 252-254 (M+H).

Step ii)

A solution of (5-bromo-2-chloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)-dimethyl-amine (599 mg, 2.4 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and sodium methoxide (259 mg, 4.8 mmol, 2.0 eq.) in DMA (2.4 mL) is heated at 110° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture is then poured into 1000 mL of water and ice, stirred and extracted 3 times with EtOAc. The combined organic phases are washed successively with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 263; m/z MW (obsd): 264-266 (M+H).

2.14. Synthesis of Int 134

A solution of 1-bromo-3,4-difluoro-5-methoxy-benzene (1.11 g, 5.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and sodium methoxide (405 mg, 7.5 mmol, 1.5 eq.) in DMA (5 mL) is heated at 100° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture is then poured into 60 mL of water and ice, stirred and the resulting solid is filtered and dried under suction to afford the expected product.

TABLE II Illustrative intermediate for the synthesis of illustrative compounds of the invention

Int Structure Name Mtd SM MW Ms'd 1

3-[2,5-dioxo-4-(3- pyridyl)imidazolidin- 4-yl]propanoic acid E + D + B3 pyridine-3- carboxaldehyde + tert-butyl ester acrylate 249 N/A 2

3-(4-cyclopropyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propanoic acid E + D + B2 1- cyclopropylethanone + tert-butyl bromoacetate 212 211 (M − H) 3

3-(4-cyclopropyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)-2-methyl- propanoic acid E + D + B1 cyclopropanecarboxylic acid + 2,2-Dimethyl- [1,3]dioxane- 4,6-dione + 2- Bromo- propionic acid tert-butyl ester 226 225 (M − H) 4

3-[(4R)-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propionic acid 2.1 D-Glutamic acid 172 171 (M − H) 5

2-methyl-3-(4- methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propanoic acid E + D + B1 ii)- iii) benzyl 3- oxobutanoate + 2-Bromo- propionic acid tert-butyl ester 200 201 (M + H) 6

3-[(4R)-4-methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoic acid 2.2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid 186 373 (2M + H) 7

3-[(4S)-4- cyclopropyl-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoic acid 2.3 Int 2 212 N/A 8

3-[4-(6-methyl-2- pyridyl)-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoic acid E + D + B3 6- methylpyridine- 2-carbaldehyde + tert-butyl ester acrylate 263 264 (M + H) 9

3-[4- (methoxymethyl)- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]-2-methyl- propanoic acid E + D + B1 2-methoxyacetic acid + 2,2- Dimethyl- [1,3]dioxane- 4,6-dione + 2- Bromo-propionic acid tert-butyl ester 230 231 (M + H) 10

2-methyl-4-oxo- pentanoic acid C ii)- iii) ethyl 3- oxobutanoate + 2-Bromo- propionic acid tert-butyl ester 130 N/A 11

5-methoxy-2- methyl-4-oxo- pentanoic acid C methoxyacetyl chloride + 2,2- Dimethyl-1,3- dioxane-4,6- dione + 2- Bromo- 160 N/A propionic acid tert-butyl ester 12

1-[4-(4-chloro-3- fluoro-5- methoxy-phenyl)- 1-piperidyl]-2- methyl-pentane- 1,4-dione F3 Int 10 + Int 24 355 356-358 (M + H) 13

1-[4-(4-chloro-3- fluoro-5- methoxy-phenyl)- 1-piperidyl]-5- methoxy-2- methyl-pentane- 1,4-dione F3 Int 11 + Int 24 385 386-388 (M + H) 14

1-cyclopropyl-4- (4-phenyl-1- piperidyl)butane- 1,4-dione F3 5-cylcopropyl- 4-oxo-hexanoic acid + 4- phenylpiperidine 285 286 (M + H) 15

5-methyl-1-(4- phenyl-1- piperidyl)hexane- 1,4-dione F3 5-methyl-4-oxo- hexanoic acid + 4- phenylpiperidine 287 288 (M + H) 16

4-(4-chloro-3,5- dimethoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 55 255 256-258 (M + H) 17

4-(4-chloro-3- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 56 225 226-228 (M + H) 18

4-(4-chloro-5- methoxy-2- methyl- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 57 239 240-242 (M + H) 19

4-(3,5-dimethoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 58 221 222 (M + H) 20

4-(2,5-dimethoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 59 221 222 (M + H) 21

4-(5-chloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 60 225 226-228 (M + H) 22

4-(4-chloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 61 225 226-228 (M + H) 23

4-(3,4-difluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 62 227 228 (M + H) 24

4-(4-chloro-3- fluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 63 243 244-246 (M + H) 25

4-(3,5-dichloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 64 224 244-246 (M + H) 26

4-(3-fluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 65 209 210 (M + H) 27

4-(4-chloro-3- fluoro- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 66 213 214-216 (M + H) 28

4-(4-fluoro-3- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 67 209 210 (M + H) 29

4-(3,4-difluoro- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 68 197 198 (M + H) 30

4-(4-chloro-2- methyl-phenyl)- piperidine A4a Int 69 209 N/A 31

4-(4,5-dichloro-2- methoxy-phenyl)- piperidine A4a Int 70 260 N/A 32

4-(4-chloro-5- fluoro-2-methyl- phenyl)- piperidine A4a Int 71 227 N/A 33

4-(4,5-dichloro-2- methyl-phenyl)- piperidine A4a Int 72 244 N/A 34

4-(4-fluoro-3,5- dimethoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 73 239 240 (M + H) 35

4-(3-chloro-4- fluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 74 243 N/A 36

(cis)-4-(3,4- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperidine A5 3,4- difluorophenyl boronic acid + 4-bromo- methylpyridine hydrochloride 211 212 (M + H) 37

(trans)-4-(3,4- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperidine A5 3,4- difluorophenyl boronic acid + 4-bromo- methylpyridine hydrochloride 211 N/A 38

4-(4-Fluoro-5- methoxy-2- methyl-phenyl)- piperidine A4c Int 75 223 224 (M + H) 39

4-(3-chloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 76 225 392 (M + H) 40

4-(4-chloro-3- ethoxy-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 77 269 270-272 (M + H) 41

4-(4-Chloro-2- methoxy-5- methyl-phenyl)- piperidine A4c Int 78 239 240-242 (M + H) 42

2-chloro-3- methoxy-N,N- dimethyl-5-(4- piperidyl)aniline A4a Int 79 268 269-271 (M + H) 43

4-(4,5-dichloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 80 260 N/A 44

4-(4-chloro-3,5- dimethyl-phenyl)- piperidine A4c Int 81 223 224-226 (M + H) 45

4-(4-chloro-3- methyl-phenyl)- piperidine A4a Int 82 209 N/A 46

4-(4-chloro-3- methoxy-5- methyl- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 83 239 240-242 (M + H) 47

4-(4-chloro-5- fluoro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4b Int 84 243 244-246 (M + H) 48

4-(5-chloro-4- fluoro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4b Int 85 243 246 (M + H) 49

4-(4-chloro-3- ethyl-5-methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 86 253 254-256 (M + H) 50

4-[5-(2- fluorophenyl)-2- thienyl]piperidine A4a Int 87 261 N/A 51

4-(4-Chloro-3- trifluoromethyl- phenyl)- piperidine A4c Int 88 263 364-366 (M + H) 52

4-(3,5-dichloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 89 260 N/A 53

4-(3-chloro-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 90 225 N/A 54

4-(3,4-dichloro-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine A4a Int 91 260 N/A 55

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3,5- dimethoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A3 Int 124 + tert- butyl 4- iodopiperidine- 1-carboxylate 355 300-302 (M + H − tBu) 56

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 92 325 270-272 (M + H − tBu) 57

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-5- methoxy-2- methyl- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A3 5-bromo-2- chloro-4- methylanisole + tert-butyl 4- iodopiperidine- 1-carboxylate 339 284-286 (M + H − tBu) 58

tert-butyl 4-(3,5- dimethoxyphenyl) piperidine-1- carboxylate A3 1-bromo-3,5- dimethoxybenzene + tert-butyl 4- iodopiperidine- 1-carboxylate 321 266 (M + H − tBu) 59

tert-butyl 4-(2,5- dimethoxyphenyl) piperidine-1- carboxylate A3 1-bromo-2,5- dimethoxybenzene + tert-butyl 4-iodopiperidine- 1-carboxylate 321 266 (M + H − tBu) 60

tert-butyl 4-(5- chloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 93 325 270-272 (M + H − tBu) 61

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A3 2-bromo-5- chloro-anisole + tert-butyl 4- iosopiperidine- 1-carboxylate 325 270-272 (M + H − tBu) 62

tert-butyl 4-(3,4- difluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A3 5-bromo-2,3- difluoro-anisole + tert-butyl 4- iodopiperidine- 1-carboxylate 327 272 (M + H − tBu) 63

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3-fluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 94 343 288-290 (M + H − tBu) 64

tert-butyl 4-(3,5- dichloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 95 344 288-290 (M + H − tBu) 65

tert-butyl 4-(3- fluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 96 309 254 (M + H − tBu) 66

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3-fluoro- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 97 313 258-260 (M + H − tBu) 67

tert-butyl 4-(4- fluoro-3- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 98 309 254 (M + H − tBu) 68

tert-butyl 4-(3,4- difluorophenyl) piperidine-1- carboxylate A2 Int 99 297 242 (M + H − tBu) 69

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-2-methyl- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 100 309 N/A 70

tert-butyl 4-(4,5- dichloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 101 360 N/A 71

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-5-fluoro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 102 327 N/A 72

tert-butyl 4-(4,5- dichloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 103 344 N/A 73

tert-butyl 4-(4- fluoro-3,5- dimethoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 104 339 284 (M + H − tBu) 74

tert-butyl 4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 105 343 N/A 75

tert-butyl 4-(4- fluoro-5- methoxy-2- methyl- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 106 323 266 (M + H − tBu) 76

tert-butyl 4-(3- chloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 107 325 270 (M + H − tBu) 77

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3-ethoxy- 5-methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 108 369 314-316 (M + H − tBu) 78

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-2- methoxy-5- methyl- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 109 339 284-286 (M + H − tBu) 79

tert-butyl 4-[4- chloro-3- (dimethylamino)- 5-methoxy- phenyl]piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 110 368 369-371 (M + H − tBu) 80

tert-butyl 4-(4,5- dichloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 111 360 N/A 81

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3,5- dimethyl- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 112 323 268-270 (M + H − tBu) 82

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3-methyl- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 113 309 N/A 83

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3- methoxy-5- methyl- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 114 339 284-286 (M + H − tBu) 84

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-5-fluoro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 115 343 288-290 (M + H − tBu) 85

tert-butyl 4-(5- chloro-4-fluoro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 116 343 288-290 (M + H − tBu) 86

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3-ethyl-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 117 353 298-300 (M + H − tBu) 87

tert-butyl 4-[5-(2- fluorophenyl)-2- thienyl]piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 118 361 306 (M + H − tBu) 88

tert-butyl 4-[4- chloro-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 119 363 308-310 (M + H − tBu) 89

tert-butyl 4-(3,5- dichloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 120 360 N/A 90

tert-butyl 4-(3- chloro-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 121 325 N/A 91

tert-butyl 4-(3,4- dichloro-5- methoxy- phenyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylate A2 Int 122 360 N/A 92

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 4-bromo-1- chloro-2 methoxyphenyl + tert-butyl 4- (4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 323 298-230 (M + H − tBu) 93

tert-butyl 4-(5- chloro-2- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 2-bromo-4- chloroanisole + tert-butyl 4- (4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- 1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 323 268-270 (M + H − tBu) 94

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3-fluoro-5- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 5-bromo-2- chloro-1-fluoro- 3-methoxy- benzene + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- 1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 341 286-288 (M + H − tBu) 95

tert-butyl 4-(3,5- dichloro-2- methyl-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 1-bromo-3,5- dichloro-2- methyl-benzene + tert-butyl 4- (4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- 1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 342 286-288 (M + H − tBu) 96

tert-butyl 4-(3- fluoro-5- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 1-bromo-3- fluoro-5- methoxy- benzene + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- 1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 307 252 (M + H − tBu) 97

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3-fluoro- phenyl)-3,6- dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 4-chloro-3- fluoro- bromobenzene + tert-butyl 4- (4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 311 256-258 (M + H − tBu) 98

tert-butyl 4-(4- fluoro-3- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 5-bromo-2- fluoroanisole + tert-butyl 4- (4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 307 252-254 (M + H − tBu) 99

tert-butyl 4-(3,4- difluorophenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 1-bromo-3,4- difluorobenzene + tert-butyl 4- (4,4,5,5-tertamethyl- 1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 295 240 (M + H − tBu) 100

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-2-methyl- phenyl)-3,6- dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 2-bromo-5- chlorotoluene + tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 307 N/A 101

tert-butyl 4-(4,5- dichloro-2- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 2-bromo-4,5- dichloroanisole + tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 358 N/A 102

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-5-fluoro-2- methyl-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 2-bromo-5- chloro-4- fluorotoluene + tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 325 N/A 103

tert-butyl 4-(4,5- dichloro-2- methyl-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 2-bromo-4,5- dichlorotoluene + tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 342 N/A 104

tert-butyl 4-(4- fluoro-3,5- dimethoxy- phenyl)-3,6- dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 Int 134 + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 337 282 (M + H − tBu) 105

tert-butyl 4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro-5- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 Int 129 + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 341 N/A 106

tert-butyl 4-(4- fluoro-5- methoxy-2- methyl-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 1-Bromo-4- fluoro-5- methoxy-2- methyl-benzene + tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 321 266 (M + H − tBu) 107

tert-butyl 4-(3- chloro-2- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 2-bromo-6- chloroanisole + tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 323 324 (M + H) 108

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3-ethoxy- 5-methoxy- phenyl)-3,6- dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 Int 130 + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 367 312-314 (M + H − tBu) 109

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-2- methoxy-5- methyl-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 Int 125 + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 337 282-284 (M + H − tBu) 110

tert-butyl 4-[4- chloro-3- (dimethylamino)- 5-methoxy- phenyl]-3,6- dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 Int 133 + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 366 367-369 (M + H − tBu) 111

tert-butyl 4-(4,5- dichloro-2- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 1-bromo-4,5- dichloro-2- methoxy- benzene + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 358 N/A 112

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3,5- dimethyl-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 5-Bromo-2- chloro-1,3- dimethyl- benzene + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 321 266-268 (M + H − tBu) 113

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3-methyl- phenyl)-3,6- dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 4-bromo-1- chloro-2- methyl-benzene + tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 307 N/A 114

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3- methoxy-5- methyl-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 Int 132 + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 337 282-284 (M + H − tBu) 115

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-5-fluoro-2- methoxy-phneyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 Int 126 + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 341 286-288 (M + H − tBu) 116

tert-butyl 4-(5- chloro-4-fluoro-2- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 Int 127 + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 341 286-288 (M + H − tBu) 117

tert-butyl 4-(4- chloro-3-ethyl-5- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 Int 131 + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 351 296-298 (M + H − tBu) 118

tert-butyl 4-[5-(2- fluorophenyl)-2- thienyl]-3,6- dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 Int 123 + 2-(2- fluorophenyl)- 4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- 1,3,2- dioxaborolane 359 304 (M + H − tBu) 119

tert-butyl 4-[4- chloro-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-3,6- dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 4-Bromo-1- chloro-2- trifluoromethyl- benzene + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 361 306-308 (M + H − tBu) 120

tert-butyl 4-(3,5- dichloro-2- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 1-bromo-3,5- dichloro-2- methoxy- benzene + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 358 N/A 121

tert-butyl 4-(3- chloro-5- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 3-bromo-5- chloroanisole + tert-butyl 4- (4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- 1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 323 N/A 122

tert-butyl 4-(3,4- dichloro-5- methoxy-phenyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 Int 128 + tert- butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 358 N/A 123

tert-butyl 4-(5- chloro-2-thienyl)- 3,6-dihydro-2H- pyridine-1- carboxylate A1 2-bromo-5- chlorothiophene + tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2- yl)-3,6-dihydro- 2H-pyridine-1- carboxylate 299 244-246 (M + H − tBu) 124

5-bromo-2-chloro-1,3- dimethoxy- benzene 2.4 1-bromo-4- chloro-3,5- difluorobenzene 251 N/A 125

1-Bromo-4- chloro-2- methoxy-5- methyl-benzene 2.5 1-Bromo-4- chloro-2-fluoro- 5-methyl- benzene 235 N/A 126

1-chloro-2-fluoro- 4-iodo-5- methoxy-benzene 2.6 3-chloro-4- fluoroanisole 286 N/A 127

1-chloro-2-fluoro- 5-iodo-4- methoxy-benzene 2.7 4-chloro-3- fluoroanisole 286 N/A 128

5-bromo-1,2- dichloro-3- methoxy-benzene 2.8 1-bromo-3,4- dichloro-5- fluorobenzene 255 N/A 129

5-bromo-1- chloro-2-fluoro-3- methoxy-benzene 2.9 5-Bromo-3- chloro-2- fluorophenol 239 N/A 130

5-bromo-2- chloro-1-ethoxy- 3-methoxy- benzene  2.10 1-bromo-4- chloro-3-fluoro- 5-methoxy- benzene 265 N/A 131

5-bromo-2- chloro-1-ethyl-3- methoxy-benzene  2.11 N-boc-2- methoxy aniline 249 N/A 132

5-bromo-2- chloro-1- methoxy-3- methyl-benzene  2.12 2-methoxy-6- methylaniline 235 N/A 133

5-bromo-2- chloro-3- methoxy-N,N- dimetthyl-aniline  2.13 1-bromo-4- chloro-3,5- difluorobenzene 264 264-266 (M + H) 134

5-bromo-2-flluoro- 1,3-dimethoxy- benzene  2.14 1-bromo-3,4- difluoro-5- methoxy- benzene 235 N/A

TABLE III Illustrative compounds of the invention

Cpd Chemistry Name Mtd SM MW Ms'd 1

(S)-5-[(3-oxo- 3-(((4S)- phenylpiperidin- 1-yl)propyl]) imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F4 3-[(4S)-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin- 4- yl]propionic acid + 4- phenylpiperidine 315 316 (M + H) 2

5-[3-oxo-3-(4- phenyl-1- piperidyl) propyl] imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F1 3-(2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4-yl) propionic acid + 4-phenyl piperidine 315 316 (M + H) 3

5-(3-oxo-3-(4- phenylpiperidin- 1-yl)propyl)- 5-phenyl imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F1 3-(4-Phenyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 4- phenylpiperidine 391 392 (M + H) 4

5-methyl-5-(3- oxo-3-(4- phenylpiperidin- 1- yl)propyl) imidazolidine- 2,4- dione F1 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazoliidin- 4- yl)propionic acid + 4- phenylpiperidine 329 330 (M + H) 5

5-isopropyl-5- (3-oxo-3-(4- phenylpiperidin- 1- yl)propyl) imidazolidine- 2,4-dione D Int 15 357 358 (M + H) 6

5-(3-(4-(2- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1- yl)-3-oxo- propyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F1 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4-yl)propionic acid + 4- (2- methoxyphenyl) piperidine 359 360 (M + H) 7

5-cyclopropyl- 5-(3-oxo-3-(4- phenylpiperidin- 1-yl)propyl) imidazolidine- 2,4-dione D Int 14 355 356 (M + H) 8

5-methyl-5-(3- oxo-3-(4-p- tolylpiperidin- 1-yl)propyl) imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F1 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 4-(p- tolyl)piperidine 343 344 (M + H) 9

5-(3-(4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperidin-1- yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4- dione F1 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4- yl)propionic acid + 4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperidine 398 398-400 (M + H) 10

5-(3-(4-(4- fluorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)- 3-oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4- dione F1 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4-yl)propionic acid + 4-(4- fluorophenyl) piperidine- HCl 347 348 (M + H) 11

5-(3-(4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperidin-1- yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F1 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4- yl)propioonic acid + 4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperindine- HCl 363 364-366 (M + H) 12

5-(3-(4-(4- chlorophenyl) piperidin-1- yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F3 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4- yl)propionic acid + 4-(4- chlorophenyl) piperidine- HCl 363 364-366 (M + H) 13

5-(3-(4-(3- fluorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)- 3-oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F3 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 4-(3- fluorophenyl) piperidine 347 348 (M + H) 14

5-(3-(4-(2- fluorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)- 3-oxopropyl)- 5-methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F3 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4- yl)propionic acid + 4-(2- fluorophenyl) piperidine- HCl 347 348 (M + H) 15

5-methyl-5-(3- oxo-3-(4-m- tolylpiperidin-1- yl)propyl) imidazolidine-2,4- dione F3 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4- yl)propionic acid + 4-(m- tolyl)piperidine 343 344 (M + H) 16

5-(3-oxo-3-(4- phenylpiperidin- 1-yl)propyl)- 5-(pyridin-3- yl)imidazolidine-2,4- dione F1 Int 1 + 4- phenylpiperidine 392 393 (M + H) 17

5-cyclopropyl- 5-(3-(4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperidin-1- yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4- dione F1 Int 2 + 4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperidine 424 424-426 (M + H) 18

5-(3-(4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperidin-1- yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- cyclopropylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F1 Int 2 + 4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperidine- HCl 389 390-392 (M + H) 19

5-cyclopropyl- 5-(3-(4-(3- fluorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F1 Int 2 + 4-(3- fluorophenyl) piperidine 373 374 (M + H) 20

5-cyclopropyl- 52-methyl-3- oxo-3-(4- phenylpiperidin-1- yl)propyl)imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F3 Int 3 + 4- phenyl)piperidine 369 370 (M + H) 21

(R)-5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-3,5- dimethoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 16 409 410-412 (M + H) 22

5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-3,5- dimethoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 16 423 424-426 (M + H) 23

(R)-5-methyl- 5-((S)-2- methyl-3-oxo-3-(4- phenylpiperidin-1- yl)propyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 5 + 4- phenylpiperidine 343 344 (M + H) 24

5-(3-(4-(4- chlorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-2-methyl- 3-oxopropyl)- 5-methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 5 + 4-(4- chlorophenyl) piperidine 377 378-380 (M + H) 25

5-(3-(4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperidin-1- yl)-2-methyl- 3-oxopropyl)- 5-methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 5 + 4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperidine 412 412-414 (M + H) 26

5-(3-(4-(4- fluorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)- 2-methyl-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 5 + 4-(4- fluorophenyl) piperidine- HCl 361 362 (M + H) 27

5-methyl-5-(2- methyl-3-oxo- 3-(4-m- tolylpiperidin-1- yl)propyl)imidazolidine- 2,4- dione F2 Int 5 + 4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperidine- HCl 357 358-360 (M + H) 28

5-(3-(4-(3- fluorophenyl)piperidin- 1-yl)-2-methyl-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 5 + 4-(m- tolyl)piperidine 361 362 (M + H) 29

5-(3-(4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-2-methyl- 3-oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 5 + 4-(3- fluorophneyl) piperidine 377 378 (M + H) 30

(R)-5-(3-(4-(4- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + 4-(4- methoxyphenyl) piperidine 345 346 (M + H) 31

5-(3-(4-(4- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 4-(4- methoxyphenyl) piperidine 359 360 (M + H) 32

(R)-5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-3- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1- yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 17 379 380-382 (M + H) 33

(R)-5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-5-methoxy-2- methylphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 18 393 392-394 (M + H) 34

(R)-5-(3-(4- (3,5- dimethoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 19 375 376 (M + H) 35

(R)-5-(3-(4- (2,5- dimethoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 20 375 376 (M + H) 36

5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-3- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4- yl)propionic acid + Int 17 393 394-396 (M + H) 37

5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-5-methoxy-2- methylphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 18 407 390-392 (M + H) 38

5-(3-(4-(3,5- dimethoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 19 389 390 (M + H) 39

5-(3-(4-(2,5- dimethoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 20 389 390 (M + H) 40

(R)-5-(3-(4-(5- chloro-2- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 Int 4 + Int 21 379 380-382 (M + H) 41

5-(3-(4-(5- chloro-2- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 21 393 394-396 (M + H) 42

(R)-5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-2- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 Int 4 + Int 22 379 380-382 (M + H) 43

(R)-5-(3-(4- (3,4-difluoro-5- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 23 381 382 (M + H) 44

5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-2- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 22 393 394-396 (M + H) 45

5-(3-(4-(3,4- difluoro-5- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 23 395 396 (M + H) 46

(R)-5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-3- fluoro-5- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 24 397 398-400 (M + H) 47

5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-3- fluoro-5- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4- yl)propionic acid + Int 24 411 412-414 (M + H) 48

(R)-5-(3-(4- (3,5-dichloro-2- methylphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 25 398 398-400 (M + H) 49

5-(3-(4-(3,5- dichloro-2- methylphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4-yl)propionic acid + Int 25 412 412-414 (M + H) 50

5-(3-(4-(3- fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidaolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4-yl)propionic acid + Int 26 377 378 (M + H) 51

(R)-5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-3- fluorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 27 367 368-370 (M + H) 52

(R)-5-(3-(4-(4- fluoro-3- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 28 363 364 (M + H) 53

(R)-5-(3-(4- (3,4- difluorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 29 351 352 (M + H) 54

5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-3- fluorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)- 3-oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 27 381 382-384 (M + H) 55

5-(3-(4-(4- fluoro-3- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4-yl)propionic acid + Int 28 377 378 (M + H) 56

5-(3-(4-(3,4- difluorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 29 365 366 (M + H) 57

5-methyl-5-(3- oxo-3-(4-o- tolylpiperidin-1- yl)propyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4-yl)propionic acid + 4-(o- tolyl)piperidine 343 344 (M + H) 58

(R)-5-(3-oxo- 3-(4-o- tolylpiperidin-1- yl)propyl) imidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 Int 4 + 4-(o- tolyl) piperidine 329 330 (M + H) 59

(R)-5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-2- methylphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 Int 4 + Int 30 363 364-366 (M + H) 60

5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-2- methylphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 30 377 378-380 (M + H) 61

(R)-5-(3-(4- (4,5-dichloro- 2- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 31 414 414-416 (M + H) 62

5-(3-(4-(4,5- dichloro-2- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4-yl)propionic acid + Int 31 428 427-428 (M + H) 63

(R)-5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-5- fluoro-2- methylphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 32 381 382-384 (M + H) 64

5-(3-(4-(4- chloro-5-fluoro-2- methylphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4-yl)propionic acid + Int 32 395 396-398 (M + H) 65

(R)-5-(3-(4- (3,5-dichloro-2- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine-2,4- dione F1 Int 6 + Int 52 428 427-429 (M + H) 66

(R)-5-(3-(4-(3- chloro-5- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine-2,4- dione F1 Int 6 + Int 53 393 394 (M + H) 67

(R)-5-(3-(4-(3- chloro-5- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F1 Int 4 + Int 53 379 380 (M + H) 68

(R)-5-(3-(4- (3,4-dichloro- 5- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine-2,4- dione F1 Int 6 + Int 54 428 427-429 (M + H) 69

(R)-5-(3-(4- (3,4-dichloro-5- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F1 Int 4 + Int 54 414 413-451 (M + H) 70

(R)-5-(3-(4- (3,5-dichloro-2- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F1 Int 4 + Int 52 414 413-415 (M + H) 71

5-(3-(4-(4,5- dichloro-2- methylphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 33 412 412-414 (M + H) 72

5-(3-(4-(4- fluoro-3,5- dimethoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 34 407 408 (M + H) 73

5-(3-(4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro-5- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 35 411 412-414 (M + H) 74

(R)-5-(3-(4-(3- chloro-2- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F1 Int 4 + Int 39 379 380-382 (M + H) 75

5-(3-(4-(3- chloro-2- methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3- oxopropyl)-5- methylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione F1 Int 6 + Int 39 393 394-396 (M + H) 76

5-cyclopropyl- 5-(3-((3R,4R)- 4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)- 3-methylpiperidin- 1-yl)-3-oxopropyl) imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 2 + Int 36 405 406 (M + H) 77

(S)-5- cyclopropyl-5- (3-((3R,4S)-4- (3,4-difluorophenyl)-3- methylpiperidin-1-yl)- 3-oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 7 + Int 37 405 406 (M + H) 78

(S)-5- cyclopropyl-5- (3-((3R,4R)-4- (3,4- difluorophenyl)-3- metthylpiperidin-1-yl)- 3-oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 7 + Int 36 405 406 (M + H) 79

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-chloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 22 393 394-396 (M + H) 80

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (3-chloro-4- fluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxoporpyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 35 411 412-414 (M + H) 81

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-fluoro-3,5- dimethoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 34 407 408 (M + H) 82

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-fluoro-3,5- dimethoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo- propyl]imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 34 393 408 (M + H) 83

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-fluoro-5- methoxy-2- methyl- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 38 391 392 (M + H) 84

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-chloro-3- fluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 24 411 412-414 (M + H) 85

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-chloro-3- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 17 393 394-396 (M + H) 86

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (3-chloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 39 393 394-396 (M + H) 87

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-chloro-3- ethoxy-5- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 40 437 438-440 (M + H) 88

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-chloro-3- ethoxy-5- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl] imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 40 423 424-426 (M + H) 89

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-chloro-2- methoxy-5- methyl- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 41 407 408-410 (M + H) 90

(5R)-5-[3-[4- [4-chloro-3- (dimethylamino)-5- methoxy- phenyl]-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 42 436 437-439 (M + H) 91

(5R)-5-[3-[4- [4-chloro-3- (dimethylamino)- 5-methoxy- phenyl]-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo- propyl]imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 42 422 423-425 (M + H) 92

5-[3-[4-(4,5- dichloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- (6-methyl-2- pyridyl)imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 8 + Int 43 505 507-509 (M + H) 93

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-chloro-3,5- dimethyl- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 44 391 392-394 (M + H) 94

(5R)-5-[3-[4- [4-chloro-3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 51 431 0 95

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-chloro-3- methyl- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 45 377 378-380 (M + H) 96

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4,5-dichloro- 2-methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 43 428 428-430 (M + H) 97

5-[3-[4-(4- chloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 5 + Int 22 407 408-410 (M + H) 98

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-chloro-3- methoxy-5- methyl- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 46 407 408-410 (M + H) 99

(5R)-5-[3- [(3R,4R)-4- (3,4-difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 36 379 380 (M + H) 100

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-chloro-5- fluoro-2- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 47 411 412-414 (M + H) 101

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (5-chloro-4- fluoro-2- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 48 411 412-414 (M + H) 102

5-[3-[4-(4- chloro-3- fluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 5 + Int 24 425 426-428 (M + H) 103

5-[3-[4-(4- chloro-3- fluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- (methoxymethyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 9 + Int 24 455 456-458 (M + H) 104

5-[3-[4-(4- chloro-3-ethyl- 5-methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- (methoxymethyl) imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 9 + Int 49 465 466-468 (M + H) 105

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-chloro-3- ethyl-5- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 6 + Int 49 421 422-424 (M + H) 106

(5R)-5-[3-[4- (4-chloro-3- ethyl-5- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo- propyl] imidazolidine-2,4- dione F2 Int 4 + Int 49 407 408-410 (M + H) 107

5-[3-[4-(5- chloro-4- fluoro-2- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- metthyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- (methoxymethyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 9 + Int 48 455 456-458 (M + H) 108

5-[3-[4-(4- chloro-2- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- (methoxymethyl) imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 9 + Int 22 437 438-440 (M + H) 109

5-[3-[4-(4- chloro-5- fluoro-2- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- (methoxymethyl) imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 9 + Int 47 455 456-458 (M + H) 110

5-[3-[4-(4- chloro-5- fluoro-2- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 5 + Int 47 425 .426- 428 (M + H) 111

5-[3-[4-(5- chloro-4- fluoro-2- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 5 + Int 48 425 .426- 428 (M + H) 112

5-[3-[4-[5-(2- fluorophenyl)- 2-thienyl]-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 3-(4-Methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin- 4-yl)propionic acid + Int 50 429 430 (M + H) 113

5-[3-[4-(4- chloro-3- methoxy-5- methyl- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 5 + Int 46 421 422-424 (M + H) 114

5-[3-[4-(4- chloro-3- methoxy-5- methyl- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- (methoxymethyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione F2 Int 9 + Int 46 451 452-454 (M + H) 115

(5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3- methoxy-5- methyl- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-3- oxo- propyl]imidazolidine- 2,4-dione F2 Int 4 + Int 46 393 394-396 (M + H) 116

5-[3-[4-(4- chloro-3- fluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione D Int 12 425 426-428 (M + H) 117

5-[3-[4-(4- chloro-3- fluoro-5- methoxy- phenyl)-1- piperidyl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-5- (methoxymethyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione D Int 13 455 456-458 (M + H)

TABLE IV NMR of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd NMR 43 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 8.23 (br. s., 1 H), 6.52-6.78 (m, 2 H), 6.37 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.81 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.21 (q, J = 5.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.00 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1 H), 3.94 (s, 3 H), 3.18 (t, J = 13.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.51-2.80 (m, 4 H), 2.25-2.40 (m, 1 H), 2.05- 2.23 (m, 1 H), 1.93 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1 H), 1.43-1.76 (m, 2 H), 1.29 (s, 1 H) 78 ¹H NMR (300 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 6.85-7.12 (m, 2 H), 6.79 (br. s., 1 H), 4.18- 4.58 (m, 1 H), 3.50-3.92 (m, 1 H), 1.63-3.31 (m, 10 H), 1.34-1.56 (m, 1 H), 0.88-1.18 (m, 2 H), 0.32-0.56 (m, 4 H), -0.10-0.29 (m, 3 H) 84 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.63 (br. s., 1 H), 7.92 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.94 (br. s., 2 H), 4.55 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1 H), 3.90 (s, 4 H), 3.09 (t, J = 12.3 Hz, 1 H), 2.81 (t, J = 11.9 Hz, 1 H), 2.55-2.66 (m, 1 H), 2.34 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1 H), 2.22 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 1 H), 1.71-1.95 (m, 4 H), 1.39-1.70 (m, 2 H), 1.29 (s, 3 H) 97 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.34 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.12 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.94 (ddd, J = 16.8, 8.6, 2.0 Hz, 2 H), 4.71 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.03-4.22 (m, 1 H), 3.78-3.91 (m, 3 H), 3.44-3.54 (m, 1 H), 3.08-3.29 (m, 1 H), 2.61-2.92 (m, 2 H), 2.25-2.54 (m, 1 H), 1.47-1.97 (m, 6 H), 1.26-1.44 (m, 3 H), 1.01-1.21 (m, 3 H) 103 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.60 (s, 1 H), 7.04 (s, 1 H), 6.83-6.99 (m, 1 H), 4.59 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1 H), 3.83-4.09 (m, 4 H), 3.37-3.50 (m, 1 H), 3.17-3.30 (m, 4 H), 2.97-3.14 (m, 2 H), 2.74-2.89 (m, 2 H), 2.54-2.68 (m, 2 H), 1.38-1.90 (m, 5 H), 0.88-1.08 (m, 3 H) 104 ¹H NMR (300 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 6.96-7.06 (m, 1 H), 6.82-6.89 (m, 1 H), 6.73- 6.81 (m, 1 H), 3.92 (s, 3 H), 3.57 (m, 2 H), 3.44 (m, 2 H), 2.75 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 7 H), 1.77 (br. s., 6 H), 1.02-1.28 (m, 9 H)

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES Example 3. In Vitro Assays

3.1. hADAMTS-1

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 5(6)-Fluorescein-NH-AELQGRPISIAK-5(6)-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 1) by human ADAMTS1

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM MOPS pH7; 50 mM NaCl; 5 mM CaCl₂; 0.05% CHAPS; 5 μM ZnCl₂) containing hADAMTS1 (0.38 ng/μL, R&D SYSTEMS INC., Cat#2197-AD)) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 5(6)-Fluorescein-NH-AELQGRPISIAK-5(6)-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 1) (10 μL, 7 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 120 min at 37° C. (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 535).

3.2. hADAMTS-4

Protocol 1

1.1.1 Protocol 1

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate TBIS-1 (5-FAM-TEGEARGSVILLK (5TAMRA)K—NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 2) by human ADAMTS4.

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Hepes pH7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS, 5% glycerol) containing hADAMTS4 (0.325 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate TBIS-1 (10 μL, 4.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer. Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 60 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, emission 535).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in the table below.

3.3. Protocol 2

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate TBIS-1 (5 FAM-TEGEARGSVILLK (5TAMRA)K—NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 2) by human ADAMTS4.

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Hepes pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS) containing hADAMTS4 (0.38 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate TBIS-1 (10 μL, 4.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 180 min at 37° C. (Excitation 485 nm, emission 535).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in the table below.

3.4. Rat ADAMTS-5

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate TBIS-1 (5 FAM-TEGEARGSVILLK (5TAMRA)K—NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 2) by rnADAMTS-5 (1-564-6H).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM TRIS pH7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS) containing rnADAMTS-5 (0.5 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate TBIS-1 (10 μL, 4.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 120 min at 37° C. (Excitation 485 nm, emission 535).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in the table below.

TABLE V Rat ADAMTS-5 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd# IC₅₀ (nM) 3 ** 7 ** 9 * 16 ** 17 ** 18 ** 19 *** 20 ** 21 * 22 * 23 ** 24 ** 25 *** 26 ** 27 *** 28 **** 29 **** **** 0.001-25 nM *** >25-50 nM ** >50-100 nM * >100 nM

3.5. hADAMTS-5

3.5.1. Protocol 1

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate TBIS-1 (5 FAM-TEGEARGSVILLK (5TAMRA)K—NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 2) by human ADAMTS-5.

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Hepes pH7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS, 5% glycerol) containing hADAMTS-5 (0.5 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate TBIS-1 (10 μL, 4.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 60 min at Room Temperature (Excitation 485 nm, emission 530).

3.5.2. Protocol 2

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate TBIS-1 (5 FAM-TEGEARGSVILLK (5TAMRA)K—NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 2) by human ADAMTS-5.

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Hepes pH7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS 1) containing hADAMTS-5 (1 ng/μL, affinity purified, followed by overnight digestion of 6His tag by thrombin and dialysis) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate TBIS-1 (10 μL, 4.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 45 min at 37° C. (Excitation 485 nm, emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in the table below.

hADAMTS-5 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in the table below.

TABLE VI hADAMTS-5 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd# IC₅₀ (nM) 1 * 2 * 3 ** 4 * 5 ** 6 * 7 ** 8 * 9 ** 10 * 11 * 12 * 13 * 14 * 15 * 16 ** **** 0.001-25 nM *** >25-50 nM ** >50-100 nM * >100 nM

3.5.3. Protocol 3

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate TBIS-1 (5 FAM-TEGEARGSVILLK (5TAMRA)K—NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 2) by human ADAMTS-5.

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Hepes pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS) containing hADAMTS-5 (0.63 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate TBIS-1 (10 μL, 4.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 90 min at 37° C. (Excitation 485 nm, emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in the table below.

TABLE VII hADAMTS-5 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd# IC₅₀ (nM) 17 ** 18 *** 19 *** 20 ** 21 * 22 * 23 ** 24 ** 25 *** 26 ** 27 *** 28 *** 29 *** 30 * 31 * 32 * 33 * 34 * 35 * 36 * 37 * 38 * 39 * 40 * 41 * 42 * 43 * 44 * 45 * 46 ** 47 ** 48 * 49 * 50 * 51 * 52 * 53 * 54 * 55 * 56 * 57 * 58 * 60 * 61 * 62 * 63 * 64 * 65 * 66 * 67 * 68 ** 69 ** 70 * 71 * 72 * 73 * 74 * 75 * 76 ** 77 * 78 *** 79 * 80 ** 81 ** 82 * 84 *** 85 ** 86 * 87 * 88 * 89 * 90 * 93 * 96 * 97 * 98 ** 99 ** 100 * 101 * 102 *** 103 **** 104 *** 105 * 106 * 107 ** 108 ** 109 ** 110 ** 111 ** 112 * 113 *** 114 *** 115 * **** 0.001-25 nM *** >25-50 nM ** >50-100 nM * >100 nM

3.6. hADAMTS-6

3.6.1. Preparation of hADAM-TS6 protein

3.6.1.1. ADAMTS-6 protein expression.

The coding sequence from amino acid 1 to 843 of the human ADAMTS6 protein (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Q9UKP5, SEQ ID NO: 4) is cloned into the pYD7 vector (vectors and the expression system are described in (Durocher et al., 2002; Loignon et al., 2008; Shi et al., 2005)) (CNRC-NRC) in Cterminal fusion with a sequence containing Tev-GGGGGS-Thr-6his (SEQ ID NO: 5) (pYD7-HsADAM-TS6(1-843)-Tev-GGGGGS-Thr-6his construct). Durocher's 293-6E cells (CNRC-NRC) are grown in suspension at 37° C. in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO₂ at 37° C. in F17 culture medium (Invitrogen # A1383501) supplemented with 10 mL/L of 10% Pluronic F68 solution (0.1% final) (Invitrogen #24040032), 20 mL/L of 200 mM L-Glutamine solution (4 mM final) (Lonza # BE17-605E) and 25 μg/mL G418 (PAA laboratories # P11-012).

Transfection is performed according to the protocol given by CNRC-NRC for the 293-6E cells using PEI (Polysciences #23966-2). Cells are diluted to 3.105 cells/mL three days before transfection.

On the day of transfection, the cell density is adjusted to 17.105 cells/mL. A DNA/PEI mix is prepared according to CNRC-NRC recommendations with a ratio of DNA/PEI of 1 for 2, meaning, 300 μg of pYD7-HsADAM-TS6(1-843)-Tev-GGGGGS-Thr-6his construct and 600 μg PEI for 300 mL of final transfection volume. The day after transfection, Heparin (Sigma # H3149) and TN1 (Teckniscience Inc. #19553) is added to get 0.1 g/L and 0.5% final concentrations respectively.

The conditioned medium is harvested 168 h post-transfection by centrifugation for 20 min at 5000×g at 4° C. The expression level of secreted HsADAM-TS6 is estimated at 1 mg/L in the conditioned medium (CM) by Western blotting analysis using anti His tag primary antibody. Conditioned medium is either used from fresh or frozen production at −20° C. for later use. 3.6.1.2. Purification of HsADAM-TS6 protein

10× buffer A (500 mM Tris pH 8, 4 M NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 10 μM ZnCl₂, 0.5% CHAPS, 200 mM imidazole) is slowly added to the conditioned medium under magnetic stirring, giving Buffered Conditioned Medium (BCM). This sample is clarified by centrifugation at 15,000×g for 60 min at 4° C. in a Beckman 16.250 rotor, providing the starting sample.

Affinity purification is performed using AKTA protein purification system (GE Healthcare) in 4° C. cabinet. 400 mL of the start sample is loaded onto each HisTrap™ HP 5 mL column (GE Healthcare #17-5248-02) at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The resin is then washed with equilibration buffer B (50 mM Tris (pH 8), 0.5 M NaCl, 1 mM CaCl₂, 1 μM ZnCl₂, 20 mM imidazole, 0.05% CHAPS) until the absorbance at 280 nm returns to zero. The elution is then performed with 70 mM imidazole (elution of contaminant proteins) and subsequently 300 mM imidazole (elution of the target protein). The fractions containing the non-mature (1-843) ADAMTS6 protein are pooled and subjected to 2 dialyses against 100 volumes of dialysis buffer C (50 mM Tris pH 8+100 mM NaCl+1 mM CaCl₂+1 μM ZnCl₂+0.1% Polyoxyethyleneglycol Dodecyl Ether [Brij 35]) using 50 kDa cut off membrane (SpectraPor #132 542). This allows to decrease the NaCl concentration for efficient furin cleavage.

3.6.1.3. Maturation of HsADAM-TS6 Protein

In vitro maturation of human ADAMTS6 protein is performed using furin (R&D #1503-SE) (3 ng furin/μg of target protein), in buffer D (25 mM Tris pH 9+100 mM NaCl+1 mM CaCl₂+1 μM ZnCl₂+0.5% Brij 35). Incubation is conducted overnight at room temperature.

The furin cleaved sample is subsequently dialyzed for 1 hour against 100 volumes of dialysis buffer C. Finally, 10% glycerol is added to the final batch which is subsequently ultracentrifuged for 30 minutes at 35,000 rpm using a Beckman SW41Ti rotor and stored at −80° C.

Following this procedure the final yield reached an average of 0.05 to 0.1 mg matured human ADAMTS6 (SEQ ID NO: 6)/L of culture medium.

3.6.2. hADAMTS-6 Assay

The IC₅₀ value for test compounds can be determined in a fluorescent based protease assay.

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 520 MMP FRET substrate XII by human ADAMTS6.

The substrate contains sequence Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Tyr-Ala-Nva-Trp-Met-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 7) with attached a fluorescent probe and a quencher. Without ADAMTS6, the emission of the probe is quenched. If the substrate is cleaved by ADAMTS6, the emission of the probe is not quenched anymore. Inhibition of ADAMTS6 activity, will result in a decrease of the signal.

To perform the assay, 4 μL of a dilution series of compound in water, starting from 20 μM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution, is added to the wells. 2 ng ADAMTS6 enzyme is diluted in 25 mM Tris pH8.0, 0.05% CHAPS, 2.5 mM CaCl₂ in a total volume of 26 μL (final concentration 0.73 nM). The reaction is started by addition of 10 μL of 1 μM 520 MMP FRET Substrate XII (final concentration, diluted in same buffer as described above) and the mixture is incubated at 37° C. for 2 h. The negative control (0% inhibition) is 1% DMSO and the positive control (100% inhibition) is 10M Prinomastat in 1% DMSO. After this incubation, cleavage of the substrate is measured using the Envision (Perkin Elmer, exc485/em530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in the table below.

TABLE VIII hADAMTS-6 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd# IC₅₀ (nM) 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 *** 10 * 11 ** 12 ** 13 * 14 * 15 * 16 * 17 ** 18 * 19 * 20 * 21 **** 22 **** 23 ** 24 **** 25 **** 26 *** 27 *** 28 ** 29 *** 30 * 31 * 32 *** 33 *** 34 ** 35 * 36 **** 37 **** 38 *** 39 * 40 * 41 ** 42 *** 43 *** 44 **** 45 **** 46 **** 47 **** 48 ** 49 *** 50 ** 51 ** 52 * 53 * 54 ** 55 ** 56 * 57 * 58 * 59 * 60 ** 61 **** 62 **** 63 ** 64 *** 65 ** 66 **** 67 ** 68 **** 69 **** 70 * 71 **** 72 **** 73 **** 74 * 75 * 76 ** 77 * 78 *** 79 **** 80 **** 81 **** 82 **** 83 *** 84 **** 85 **** 86 * 87 **** 88 **** 89 **** 90 **** 91 *** 92 **** 93 **** 94 *** 95 **** 96 **** 97 **** 98 **** 99 *** 100 **** 101 *** 102 **** 103 **** 104 **** 105 **** 106 **** 107 **** 108 **** 109 **** 110 **** 111 **** 112 ** 113 **** 114 **** 115 **** **** 0.001-25 nM *** >25-50 nM ** >50-100 nM * >100 nM

3.6.3. hTACE

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 5FAM-LAQAVRSSSRK-5TAMRA (SEQ ID No 3) (Anaspec, custom 34891) by human TACE (R&D SYSTEMS INC., Cat#930-ADB).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (25 mM Tris pH8.0, 2.5 μM ZnCl₂, 0.01% CHAPS) containing TACE (0.05 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 5FAM-LAQAVRSSSRK-5TAMRA (5 μL, 5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 75 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in the table below.

TABLE IX hTACE potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd# IC₅₀ (nM) 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 7 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 16 * 17 * 18 * 19 * 20 * 21 * 22 ** 23 * 24 * 25 ** 26 * 27 ** 28 * 29 ** 32 * 33 * 34 * 36 * 37 * 38 * 41 ** 42 * 43 * 44 * 45 * 46 * 47 * 48 * 49 * 50 * 51 * 52 * 54 * 55 * 57 * 58 * 61 * 62 * 64 * 65 ** 66 *** 67 ** 68 ** 69 ** 70 * 71 ** 72 * 73 * 74 * 75 * 76 * 77 * 78 * 79 * 80 *** 81 *** 82 ** 84 ** 85 ** 87 ** 88 ** 89 ** 90 ** 93 ** 96 ** 97 * 98 *** 100 * 101 * 102 ** 103 ** 104 ** 105 *** 106 ** 107 ** 108 ** 109 ** 110 ** 111 ** 113 ** 114 ** 115 ** **** 0.001-25 nM *** >25-50 nM ** >50-100 nM * >100 nM

3.6.4. hMMP1

Inhibition of the proteases human MMP1 was determined at REACTION BIOLOGY (Reaction Biology Corp. 1 Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern, Pa. 19355, USA) in fluorescent based biochemical assays. The protease activities were monitored as a time-course measurement of the increase in fluorescence signal from fluorescently-labeled peptide substrates, and initial linear portion of slope (signal/min) was analyzed.

To determine the IC₅₀, a compound is tested starting from 100 nM (highest dilution) with a 1/3 dilution.

3.6.5. hMMP2

3.6.5.1. Protocol 1

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 520 MMP fret substrate XV (Anaspec, Catalog #: AS-60582-01) by human MMP2 (R&D SYSTEMS INC. Systems Inc., Cat#902-MP).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 10 mM, CaCl₂, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Brij35) containing preactivated MMP2 (0.0125 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration). Human MMP2 is preactivated by incubated the enzyme in the same buffer complemented with 1 mM freshly prepared p-Aminophenylmercuric acetate (AMPA) for 1 h at 37° C.

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 520 MMP fret substrate XV (10 μL, 4 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 30 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

3.6.5.2. Protocol 2

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 390 MMP FRET substrate I (Anaspec, Catalog n#: AS-27076) by human MMP2 (R&D SYSTEMS INC., Cat#902-MP).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (45 mM Tris pH 7.5, 9 mM CaCl₂, 135 mM NaCl, 0.045% Brij35) containing MMP2 (0.03 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 390 MMP FRET substrate I (10 μL, 2.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 30 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

3.6.6. hMMP8

Inhibition of the human MMP8 protease is determined at REACTION BIOLOGY (Reaction Biology Corp. 1 Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern, Pa. 19355, USA; cat# MMP8) in fluorescence based biochemical assays. The protease activity is monitored as a time-course measurement of the increase in fluorescence signal from fluorescently-labeled peptide substrates, and the slope (signal/min) of the initial linear portion is measured.

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 520 MMP FRET Substrate XIV (Anaspec, cat# AS-60581) by human MMP8 (Enzo®, cat# SE-255) in a buffer solution (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.01% Brij-35, 0.1 mg/mL BSA).

A 100% DMSO dilution series of test compound (10 final concentrations starting from 30 μM highest concentration, with 1/3 serial dilutions) is added to MMP8 in buffer solution and incubated at room temperature for 5-15 min (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration). The reaction is then initiated by adding 520 MMP FRET Substrate XIV (5 μM final concentration) in the same buffer.

Fluorescence is read at 5 min intervals for 2 h with an Envision (Perkin Elmer) at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 520 nm). The slope of the initial linear portion of the fluorescence signal curve is then calculated by using Excel. Percent protease activity is calculated relative to a no inhibitor DMSO control defined as 100% activity. IC₅₀ curve fits are performed using Prism software.

3.6.7. hMMP12

Inhibition of the human MMP12 protease is determined at REACTION BIOLOGY (Reaction Biology Corp. 1 Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern, Pa. 19355, USA; cat# MMP12) in fluorescence based biochemical assays. The protease activity is monitored as a time-course measurement of the increase in fluorescence signal from fluorescently-labeled peptide substrates, and the slope (signal/min) of the initial linear portion is measured.

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 520 MMP FRET Substrate XIV (Anaspec, cat# AS 60581) by human MMP12 (Enzo®, cat# SE-138) in a buffer solution (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.01% Brij-35, 0.1 mg/mL BSA).

A 100% DMSO dilution series of test compound (10 final concentrations starting from 30 μM highest concentration, with 1/3 serial dilutions) is added to MMP12 in buffer solution and incubated at room temperature for 5-15 min (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration). The reaction is then initiated by adding 520 MMP FRET Substrate XIV (5 μM final concentration) in the same buffer.

Fluorescence is read at 5 min intervals for 2 h with an Envision (Perkin Elmer) at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 520 nm). The slope of the initial linear portion of the fluorescence signal curve is then calculated by using Excel. Percent protease activity is calculated relative to a no inhibitor DMSO control defined as 100% activity. IC₅₀ curve fits are performed using Prism software.

3.6.8. hMMP13

3.6.8.1. Protocol 1

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 390 MMP FRET Substrate I (Anaspec Cat# AS-27076) by human MMP13 (Chemicon, Cat#CC068).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (20 μM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in water), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Tris pH7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.05% CHAPS, 5 μM ZnCl₂) containing MMP13 (0.01 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration). Human MMP13 is preactivated by incubated the enzyme in the same buffer complemented with 1 mM freshly prepared p-Aminophenylmercuric acetate (AMPA) for 1 h at 37° C.

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 390 MMP FRET Substrate I (10 μL, 2.5 μM) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 45 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in the table below.

TABLE X hMMP-13 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd# IC₅₀ (nM) 7 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 16 * 17 * 18 * 19 * 20 * 21 * 22 * 23 * 24 * 25 * 26 * 27 * 28 * 29 * 32 * 33 * 34 * 36 * 37 * 38 * 41 * 42 * 43 * 44 * 45 * 46 * 47 * 48 * 49 * 50 * 51 * 54 * 55 * 57 * 58 * **** 0.001-25 nM *** >25-50 nM ** >50-100 nM * >100 nM

3.6.8.1. Protocol 2

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 390 MMP FRET Substrate I (Anaspec Cat# AS-27076) by human MMP13 (Chemicon, Cat#CC068).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (20 μM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in water), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Tris pH7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.05% CHAPS, 5 μM ZnCl₂) containing MMP13 (0.01 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration). Human MMP13 is preactivated by incubated the enzyme in the same buffer complemented with 1 mM freshly prepared p-Aminophenylmercuric acetate (AMPA) for 1 h at 37° C.

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 390 MMP FRET Substrate I (10 μL, 2.5 μM) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 45 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in the table below.

TABLE XI hMMP-13 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd# IC₅₀ (nM) 61 * 62 * 64 * 65 * 66 * 67 * 68 * 69 * 70 * 71 * 72 * 73 * 74 * 75 * 79 * 80 * 81 * 82 * 84 * 85 * 87 * 89 * 90 * 93 * 96 * 97 * 98 * 100 * 101 * 102 * 103 * 104 * 105 * 106 * 107 * 108 * 109 * 110 * 111 * 113 * 114 * 115 * **** 0.001-25 nM *** >25-50 nM ** >50-100 nM * >100 nM

3.6.8.2. Protocol 3

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 520 MMP-fret substrate XV (Anaspec, Catalog #: AS-60582-01) by human MMP13 (Chemicon, Cat# CC068).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Tris pH7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.05% CHAPS, 5 μM ZnCl₂) containing MMP13 (6.25 10⁻⁶ μg/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 520 MMP-fret substrate XV (10 μL, 4 μM) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 60 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

3.6.9. hMMP14

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 390 MMP FRET Substrate I (Anaspec Cat# AS-27076) by human MMP14 (Biomol, Cat#SE-259).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound 2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat#781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM MOPS pH7, 5 mM CaCl₂, 1 μM ZnCl₂, 0.1% Brij-35) containing MMP14 (0.05 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 390 MMP FRET Substrate I (10 μL, 2.5 μM) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 60 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in the table below.

TABLE XII hMMP-14 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd# IC₅₀ (nM) 42 * 44 * 51 * 54 * 55 * 61 * 62 * 64 * 71 * 72 * 73 * 74 * 75 * 79 * 80 * 81 * 82 * 84 * 85 * 87 * 89 * 90 * 93 * 96 * 97 * 98 * 100 * 101 * 102 * 103 * 104 * 105 * 106 * 107 * 108 * 109 * 110 * 111 * 113 * 114 * 115 * **** 0.001-25 nM *** >25-50 nM ** >50-100 nM * >100 nM

3.7. Cellular Assays

3.7.1. Mouse Explant Assay

In this assay, quantitation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the form of aggrecan fragments released from cartilage in culture is used to determine the efficacy of a test compound in preventing cartilage catabolism.

The protocol of mouse cartilage explants is described by Stanton (Stanton et al., 2011). After euthanasia, the femoral head cartilage from the right and left leg of a 3-days-old C57B16 male mouse (Janvier, 7-10 g), were placed in a 48-wells culture plate. Cell culture medium (400 μL) containing human IL1a (1 ng/mL) and test compound (3 M) were added to the femoral head cartilage.

After 3 days of incubation, the supernatant is harvested and stored at −20° C. until analysis and the cartilages are digested with a papain solution at 60° C. for 24 h. Using the standard curve performed with a dose range of chondroitin sulfate, the concentration of GAG is determined in the supernatant and on the lysate using dimethylmethylene blue solution (reading at a wavelength of 590 nm).

The percentage of GAG release is calculated as follows:

${{GAG}\mspace{14mu} \%} = \frac{\lbrack{GAG}\rbrack_{supernatant}}{\lbrack{GAG}\rbrack_{supernatant} + \lbrack{GAG}\rbrack_{lysate}}$

The test compound effect is expressed as percent of inhibition (PIN) using the following formula:

${PIN} = {\frac{{{mean}\mspace{14mu} {\% \mspace{14mu}\lbrack{GAG}\rbrack}_{{vehicle} + {{IL}\; 1\alpha}}} - {{mean}\mspace{14mu} {\% \mspace{14mu}\lbrack{GAG}\rbrack}_{{compound} + {{IL}\; 1\alpha}}}}{{{mean}\mspace{14mu} {\% \mspace{14mu}\lbrack{GAG}\rbrack}_{{vehicle} + {{IL}\; 1\alpha}}} - {{mean}\mspace{14mu} {\% \mspace{14mu}\lbrack{GAG}\rbrack}_{compound}}}*100}$

3.7.2. Human Explant Assay

In this assay, compounds are tested in human articular cartilage explants in order to evaluate their activity on aggrecan degradation induced by IL1(3. AGNx1 is the epitope for aggrecanase-mediated aggrecan degradation; on the other hand, AGNx2 is the epitope for MMP-mediated aggrecan degradation. Therefore quantification of AGNx1 and AGNx2 may be used to evaluate the activity of a test compound.

These studies were conducted in Nordic Bioscience (Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark).

Human articular cartilage explants are collected from 3 nearby hospitals under an existing ethical committee application.

Full-depth cartilage explants from OA cartilage from different patients are cultured for 21 days in culture medium (DMEM/F12 with 0.5% FCS, 1% PS) containing various (positive control, untreated, and test compound at 0.1, 1 and 10 μM).

The explants from each patient are cultured in a separate 96-well culture plate with 200 μL/well PBS, and the 6 replicates of each treatment are distributed in a diagonal pattern on the plate. At each experimental time point (5, 12 and 19 days), supernatants are harvested from the explants cultures, and new treatment-mediums are added. The supernatants are stored at −20° C. for later biomarker analysis. The human IL13 (Sigma-Aldrich SRP3083) is used at a concentration of 10 ng/mL.

3.7.3. Results

The AGNx1 and AGNx2 concentrations were determined against a standard curve. Mean and SEM were graphed using the excel software. One-way ANOVA plus Dunnett's multiple comparisons post-hoc test are used for the statistical analysis (Prism 3.03 software).

3.8. In Vivo Assays

3.8.1. In Vivo Menisectomized (MNX) Rat Model

3.8.1.1. In Vivo Efficacy in the Rat MNX Model

In vivo efficacy was studied in a female Lewis meniscectomised rat (MNX) model. The MNX rat model is a well-validated disease model of osteoarthritis (Bendele, 2001; Janusz et al., 2002; Pritzker et al., 2006).

3.8.1.2. Experimental Procedures

3.8.1.2.1 Surgery and dosing

Osteoarthritis is induced by meniscectomy at day 0 (DO) in the right leg of each rat by a transection of the medial collateral ligament and 4 mm of ligament are removed. Internal part of the meniscus is transected vertically into two flaps which are pushed to the front and the back of the synovial cavity. Sham animals undergo only anaesthesia, skin and muscle incision then suture. On day 1, rats are randomly assigned to a treatment group (n=20 per group) according to their body weight, in order to have a homogenous distribution. From D2 to D21, rats are dosed per os (po) once daily (qd) or twice a day (bid) with compounds formulated in methylcellulose (MC) 0.5% or in HPβCD 10% pH3.0.

3.8.1.2.2 Steady-State PK Determination (ssPK)

After at least 7 days of treatment, blood is sampled at 4 time points post administration: 0, 1, 3 and 6 h (and assuming 24 h is equal to the pre-dose sample), in order to determine steady-state plasma exposure.

3.8.1.2.3 Histology

At sacrifice, the right tibia of each rat is collected and processed for histological analysis. After 48 h of fixation in 4% formaldehyde, tibias are decalcified in Osteosoft for 7 days, and cut into 2 half parts prior to embedding face to face in paraffin. Five series of sections are cut at 200 μm intervals, covering about 1.5 mm of the middle part of the bone. One series of slides is stained with Safranin O and light green for morphological evaluation and OARSI scoring. The other series of slides are mounted with DAPI for chondrocyte density measurement.

The extent of cartilage injury reflecting osteoarthritis in the tibial plateau is evaluated and scored using the OARSI method based on the grading and the staging of cartilage lesion (Pritzker et al, 2006).

The OARSI scoring is assessed in a blinded manner by two different readers. For each tibia, one score is attributed as the median of the OARSI score of the 5 sections.

For statistical analysis, medians of groups are compared with a stratified Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunnett multiple comparison post hoc test.

Significance levels: ns: not statistically significant; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 versus MNX-vehicle. Statistical analyses are done on all groups of the studies.

FINAL REMARKS

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the foregoing descriptions are exemplary and explanatory in nature, and intended to illustrate the invention and its preferred embodiments. Through routine experimentation, an artisan will recognize apparent modifications and variations that may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. All such modifications coming within the scope of the appended claims are intended to be included therein. Thus, the invention is intended to be defined not by the above description, but by the following claims and their equivalents.

All publications, including but not limited to patents and patent applications, cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication are specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein as though fully set forth.

It should be understood that factors such as the differential cell penetration capacity of the various compounds can contribute to discrepancies between the activity of the compounds in the in vitro biochemical and cellular assays.

At least some of the chemical names of compound of the invention as given and set forth in this application, may have been generated on an automated basis by use of a commercially available chemical naming software program, and have not been independently verified. Representative programs performing this function include the Lexichem naming tool sold by Open Eye Software, Inc. and the Autonom Software tool sold by MDL, Inc. In the instance where the indicated chemical name and the depicted structure differ, the depicted structure will control.

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1. A compound according to Formula I:

wherein R¹ is: H, C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups, C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups, 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups, phenyl fused to a 5-6 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, which heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more ═O, 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups; R² is independently selected from: —H, —OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one OH, —CN, C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one phenyl, and 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl; each R^(3a), and R^(3b) is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl; Cy is 6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl, 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; R⁴ is halo, —OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl, C₁₋₄ thioalkoxy, 4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, optionally substituted with one or more halo, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl, S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl —C(═O)OR^(7a) —C(═O)NR^(7b)R^(7c) —NHC(═O)OR^(7d) —NHC(═O)R^(7e) —NR^(8a)R^(8b); each R⁵ is halo, —OH, —CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d), C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with —NR^(9e)R^(9f), or —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl; the subscript n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; each R⁶ is independently selected from: halo, —CN, —NO₂, —C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo, —C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo, 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and —NR^(9g)R^(9h); each R⁷, R^(7b), R^(7c), R^(7d), or R^(7e), is H, or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one OH or C₁₋₄ alkoxy; each R^(8B), or R^(8b) is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl; each R^(9a), R^(9b), R^(9c), R^(9d), R^(9e), R^(9f), R^(9g), and R^(9h) is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a solvate thereof; or a biologically active metabolite thereof; provided that the compound is not 5-[3-oxo-3-[4-(4-pyridinyl)-1-piperidinyl]propyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione CAS#1422565-71-6, 5(S)-[3-oxo-3-[4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propyl]-2,4-imidazolidinedione CAS#1638335-41-7, 5(S)-[3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione CAS#1781306-72-6, 5-[3-[4-(5-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione CAS#1638336-99-8, 5-[3-[4-(7-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione CAS#1422561-83-8, 5-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-pip eridinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione CAS#1377848-53-7, 5-[3-[4-(3,5-dimethylimidazo [5,1-b]thiazol-7-yl)-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione CAS#1287426-16-7, or 5-[3-[4-[4-methyl-5-(2-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)-2-thiazolyl]-1-piperidinyl]-3-oxopropyl]-2,4-Imidazolidinedione CAS#1381179-03-8.
 2. A compound of pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein R¹ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl.
 3. A compound of pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the compound is according to Formula IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, or IIId:


4. A compound of pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein R² is H, or C₁₋₄ alkyl,
 5. A compound of pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein R^(s3) is H.
 6. A compound of pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein R^(3b) is C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 7. A compound of pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein Cy is phenyl.
 8. A compound of pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the subscript n is
 0. 9. A compound of pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the subscript n is 1 or
 2. 10. A compound of pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 9, wherein R⁶ is halo, —CN, —NO₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo.
 11. A compound of pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 9, wherein R⁶ is F, Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃.
 12. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the compound is: (S)-5-[(3-oxo-3-((4S)-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl])imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-oxo-3-(4-phenyl-1-piperidyl)propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)-5-phenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-methyl-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-isopropyl-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-methyl-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-p-tolylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-methyl-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-m-tolylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)-5-(pyridin-3-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-cyclopropylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-(4-(3-fluorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-cyclopropyl-52-methyl-3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-methyl-5-((S)-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-fluorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-methyl-5-(2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(4-m-tolylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3-fluorophenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3-methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-5-methoxy-2-methylphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-5-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,4-difluoro-5-methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3,4-difluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methylphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-methyl-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-o-tolylpiperidin-1-yl) propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-oxo-3-(4-o-tolylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(3-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(3-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methylphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(4-fluoro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, (R)-5-(3-(4-(3-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-(3-(4-(3-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-((3R,4R)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-((3R,4S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-((3R,4R)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-fluoro-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-fluoro-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-fluoro-5-methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-2-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-[4-chloro-3-(dimethylamino)-5-methoxy-phenyl]-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-[4-chloro-3-(dimethylamino)-5-methoxy-phenyl]-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[(3R,4R)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-ethyl-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-ethyl-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-ethyl-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, or 5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)-1-piperidyl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione.
 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 14. (canceled)
 15. A method for prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis in a human comprising administering an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 1, to said human.
 16. A method for prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis in a human comprising administering an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13 to the human. 